The present disclosure is related to a method for preparing a gaseous- or liquid-nitridation treated core-shell catalyst and, more specifically, to a method for preparing a gaseous- or liquid-nitridation treated core-shell catalyst comprising steps of: nitridation-treating a transition metal precursor core and noble metal precursor shell particles in the presence of a gaseous nitrogen source; or forming a transition metal precursor core and noble metal precursor shell particles, by means of a liquid nitrogen source, and at the same time allowing the nitrogen source to bond with the transition metal precursor and thus allowing nitridation treatment. Therefore, the present disclosure allows a high nitrogen content in the core and thus enables a prepared catalyst to have excellent durability, a small average particle size and high degree of dispersion and uniformity, and thus to be suitable for the fuel cell field.

Disclosed are cathodes comprising a conductive support substrate having an electrocatalyst coating containing nickel phosphide nanoparticles. The conductive support substrate is capable of incorporating a material to be reduced, such as CO.sub.2 or CO. A co-catalyst, either incorporated into the electrolyte solution, or adsorbed to, deposited on, or incorporated into the bulk cathode material, provides increased selectivity and activity of the nickel phosphide electrocatalyst. Also disclosed are electrochemical methods for selectively generating hydrocarbon and/or carbohydrate products from CO.sub.2 or CO using water as a source of hydrogen.

Various embodiments disclosed relate to solid catalysts that convert lignocellulosic material to monomer sugars that are suitable for fermentation. The solid catalysts include a transition metal complex attached to a magnetic bead, and can be physically separated from a fermentation mixture and reused several times.

A supported catalyst includes: (1) a catalyst support; and (2) deposits of a catalyst covering the catalyst support, wherein the deposits have an average thickness of about 2 nm or less, and the deposits are spaced apart from one another.

A composite polymer electrolyte membrane for a fuel cell may be manufactured by the following method: partially or totally filling the inside of a pore of a porous support with a hydrogen ion conductive polymer electrolyte solution by performing a solution impregnation process; and drying the hydrogen ion conductive polymer electrolyte solution while completely filling the inside of the pore with the hydrogen ion conductive polymer electrolyte solution by performing a spin dry process on the porous support of which the inside of the pore is partially or totally filled with the hydrogen ion conductive polymer electrolyte solution.

The present invention provides magnetic macroporous polymeric hybrid scaffolds for supporting and enhancing the effectiveness of bionanocatalysts (BNC). The novel scaffolds comprise cross-linked water-insoluble polymers and an approximately uniform distribution of embedded magnetic microparticles (MMP). The cross-linked polymer comprises polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and optionally additional polymeric materials. The scaffolds may take any shape by using a cast during preparation of the scaffolds. Alternatively, the scaffolds may be ground to microparticles for use in biocatalytic reactions. Alternatively, the scaffolds may be shaped as beads for use in biocatalyst reactions. Methods for preparing and using the scaffolds are also provided.

Disclosed herein is a composite material comprising a graphene-based material, manganese oxide, and group II metal ions. The graphene based material may be functionalised with an organic moiety comprising an acidic functional group. The composite material may function as a catalyst for electrolysis of water.

The invention relates to a method of preparing titanium dioxide-coated nanostars. Titanium precursors are hydrolyzed into crystalline TiO.sub.2 polymorphs at low temperatures, allowing the delicate morphology of the nanostars to be preserved while maintaining their desirable photocatalytic properties.

A method for preparing a multi-component alloy catalyst on which a catalytic metal is supported includes preparing a carbon composite having a carbon support coated with a cationic polymer, supporting a catalytic metal containing at least two metal elements on the carbon composite to prepare an alloy catalyst precursor, and washing the alloy catalyst precursor to remove the cationic polymer.

The present invention provides machines, compositions and methods for producing bionanocatalysts (BNCs) comprising one or more enzymes selected from a broad spectrum of industrially and medically important enzymes. The BNCs are self-assembled and magnetically immobilized enzymes. The machines, compositions, and methods are fully scalable from bench top to industrial manufacturing volumes.