Disclosed are stable, active non-precious metal oxide catalysts, such as transition metal antimonates (TMAs), for electrochemical reactions in harsh media conditions, such as the chlorine evolution reaction (CER). A disclosed electrocatalyst includes a metal oxide film containing a crystalline transition metal antimonite (TMA). The crystalline TMA may include NiSb.sub.2O.sub.x, CoSb.sub.2O.sub.x, or MnSb.sub.2O.sub.x. The metal oxide film may be formed on a conductive substrate, for example, a substrate including an antimony-doped tin oxide (ATO) film, using an annealing process.

The present invention relates to a permanently polarized hydroxyapatite and a composition or material comprising thereof. The present invention further relates to a process for obtaining a permanently polarized hydroxyapatite and to different uses of the permanently polarized hydroxyapatite or the composition or material comprising thereof.

Catalyst systems and methods for making and using the same are provided. The catalyst system can include a catalyst support, wherein the catalyst support has an average particle size of about 2 microns to about 200 microns. Nanoparticles are adhered to the catalyst support, wherein the nanoparticles have an average particle size of about 2 to about 200 nanometers. A catalyst is supported on the catalyst support.

Catalyst systems and methods for making and using the same are provided. The catalyst system can include a catalyst support, wherein the catalyst support has an average particle size of about 2 microns to about 200 microns. Nanoparticles are adhered to the catalyst support, wherein the nanoparticles have an average particle size of about 2 to about 200 nanometers. A catalyst is supported on the catalyst support.

Disclosed are cathodes comprising a conductive support substrate having a catalyst coating containing nickel phosphide nanoparticles. The conductive support substrate is capable of incorporating a material to be reduced, such as CO.sub.2 or CO. Also disclosed are electrochemical methods for generating hydrocarbon and/or carbohydrate products from CO.sub.2 or CO using water as a source of hydrogen.

Selective alloy corrosion is used to synthesize a robust and ultrafine mesoporous NiFeMn-based metal/metal oxide oxygen evolving catalyst with ligament and pore sizes in the range of 10 nm and a BET surface area of 43 m.sup.2/g. As an oxygen evolving catalyst, the mesoporous catalyst exhibits high stability (>264 hours) at a high current density (500 mA/cm.sup.2) with a low overpotential (360 mV) using a moderate electrolyte concentration (1 M KOH). The catalyst is made from non-precious metals and its fabrication is straight forward and directly applicable to large-scale synthesis.

Disclosed herein are a catalyst composition, catalyst devices, and methods for removing formaldehyde, volatile organic compounds, and other pollutants from an air flow stream. The catalyst composition including manganese oxide, optionally one or more of alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, zinc, iron, binder, an inorganic oxide, or carbon.

Embodiments of the invention generally provide compositions of crystalline zeolite materials with tailored crystal habits and the methods for forming such crystalline zeolite materials. The methods for forming the crystalline zeolite materials include binding one or more zeolite growth modifiers (ZGMs) to the surface of a zeolite crystal, which results in the modification of crystal growth rates along different crystallographic directions, leading to the formation of zeolites having a tailored crystal habit. The improved properties enabled by the tailored crystal habit include a minimized crystal thickness, a shortened internal diffusion pathlength, and a greater step density as compared to a zeolite having the native crystal habit prepared by traditional processes. The tailored crystal habit provides the crystalline zeolite materials with an aspect ratio of about 4 or greater and crystal surfaces having a step density of about 25 steps/m.sup.2 or greater.

The present invention discloses a novel magnetic BiOClBi.sub.24O.sub.31Cl.sub.10/MnFe.sub.2O.sub.4Fe.sub.2O.sub.3 semiconductor photocatalyst as a staggered multi-heterojunction nano-photocatalyst for pharmaceutical effluents remediation, and preparation method and use thereof. The semiconductor photocatalysts are at weighted ratios 9:1 4:1, 7:3 and 3:2 of BiOClBi.sub.24O.sub.31Cl.sub.10 and MnFe.sub.2O.sub.4Fe.sub.2O.sub.3 semiconductor. The BiOClBi.sub.24O.sub.31Cl.sub.10/MnFe.sub.2O.sub.4Fe.sub.2O.sub.3 semiconductor photocatalyst with 10% MnFe.sub.2O.sub.4Fe.sub.2O.sub.3 is a solar light activated photocatalyst for pharmaceutical effluents remediation. The pharmaceutical effluents include ofloxacin antibiotic. The mentioned semiconductor photocatalyst effectively removes the ofloxacin (OFL) antibiotic from polluted aqueous solution under simulated solar light, facilitates separation of photocatalyst from treated aqueous solution using magnetic property, enhances light absorption edge, improves intra-particle mass transfer, increases adsorption capacity and promotes efficient surface reactions, which includes: increasing the light absorption range, increasing quantum efficiency and reducing the recombination phenomenon.

The invention relates to the method of forming a platinum-based catalytic coating on electrodes for using in electrochemical devices such as fuel cells or electrolysis cells. According to the invention, to produce a platinum-based catalyst, the carrier is preliminary cleaned by ion etching and the catalytic coating is applied onto the cleaned surface from at least one target based on platinum in vacuum in the primary gas plasma with addition of reactive gas, sputtering being done at the power density on the magnetron sputtered target within (0.004-0.17)*10.sup.5 W/m.sup.2 and the ratio of concentrations of the primary and reaction gas of 75-99%. Technical result: increased specific catalytic activity of the electrode's catalytic coating for electrochemical devices (fuel cells and electrolysis cells).