A method of catalytic hydrogenation and reduction in which a reactive substrate and a hydrogen source are brought into contact in the presence of a platinum-group metal-supported catalyst to run the reactive substrate through catalytic hydrogenation and reduction; the ion exchanger is made of a continuous skeleton phase and a continuous hole phase; the thickness of the continuous skeleton is in the range of 1-100 ?m; the average diameter of the continuous holes is in the range of 1-1000 ?m; the total pore volume is in the range of 0.5-50 mL/g; the ion exchange capacity per unit weight in a dry state is in the range of 1-9 mg eq/g; and the ion exchanger is a non-particulate, weakly basic, organic porous ion exchanger where an ion exchange group is distributed in the ion exchanger.

A method of catalytic hydrogenation and reduction in which a reactive substrate and a hydrogen source are brought into contact in the presence of a platinum-group metal-supported catalyst to run the reactive substrate through catalytic hydrogenation and reduction; the ion exchanger is made of a continuous skeleton phase and a continuous hole phase; the thickness of the continuous skeleton is in the range of 1-100 ?m; the average diameter of the continuous holes is in the range of 1-1000 ?m; the total pore volume is in the range of 0.5-50 mL/g; the ion exchange capacity per unit weight in a dry state is in the range of 1-9 mg eq/g; and the ion exchanger is a non-particulate, weakly basic, organic porous ion exchanger where an ion exchange group is distributed in the ion exchanger.

The present invention is related to a high-efficient and versatile/broad-spectrum decontaminant and disinfectant additive comprising metal oxide nanoparticles in a metallic or semi-metallic nanoparticle matrix, preferably, in a metallic or semi-metallic nanocatalyst matrix, being able to convert several types of common products used for protecting, coating or decorating surfaces, such as paints, varnishes, or the like, into decontaminant and disinfectant products mainly based on the metal oxide nanoparticle photocatalytic properties, and then, being able of removing/eliminating contaminants from an environment around outdoor or indoor surfaces on which the same is applied. It can be prepared as a powder ready-to-use, a solution to be sprayed or a formulation to be spread on a surface, and also can remove/eliminate contaminants such as CO, CO.sub.2, NO, NO.sub.2, SO.sub.2, COVs, methane, particulate material, polycyclic aromatic compounds, methylene chloride, chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), virus, bacteria, molds, water-soluble organic contaminants or organic contaminant dispersions or suspensions, among others.

The present invention provides a catalyst article for treating exhaust gas comprising: a substrate comprising an inlet end and an outlet end with an axial length L; a first catalytic region comprising support material particles; at least some of the support material particles are rhodium-supporting support material particles having rhodium supported thereon at a concentration of from 0.001 to 3.5 wt. %, based on the weight of the rhodium-supporting support material particle; and the rhodium is present at a loading of up to 20 g/ft.sup.3 relative to the first catalytic region.

The present invention provides a catalyst article for treating exhaust gas comprising: a substrate comprising an inlet end and an outlet end with an axial length L; a first catalytic region comprising support material particles; at least some of the support material particles are rhodium-supporting support material particles having rhodium supported thereon at a concentration of from 0.001 to 3.5 wt. %, based on the weight of the rhodium-supporting support material particle; and the rhodium is present at a loading of up to 20 g/ft.sup.3 relative to the first catalytic region.

A nanocatalyst for methane dry reforming has a fluorite structure and has a plurality of transition metal or noble metal particles dispersed on a surface thereof. The nanocatalyst is represented by the Chemical Formula, A.sub.1-aCe.sub.aO.sub.2-?. In the Chemical Formula, A is selected from rare earth elements excluding Ce, and a and ? are real numbers of 0<a<1 and 0???1, respectively.

A nanocatalyst for methane dry reforming has a fluorite structure and has a plurality of transition metal or noble metal particles dispersed on a surface thereof. The nanocatalyst is represented by the Chemical Formula, A.sub.1-aCe.sub.aO.sub.2-?. In the Chemical Formula, A is selected from rare earth elements excluding Ce, and a and ? are real numbers of 0<a<1 and 0???1, respectively.

Mixed-phase TiO.sub.2 nanofibers prepared via a sol-gel technique followed by electrospinning and calcination are provided as photocatalysts. The calcination temperature is adjusted to control the rutile phase fraction in TiO.sub.2 nanofibers relative to the anatase phase. Post-calcined TiO.sub.2 nanofibers composed of 38 wt % rutile and 62 wt % anatase exhibited the highest initial rate constant of UV photocatalysis. This can be attributed to the combined influences of the fibers' specific surface areas and their phase compositions.

The present invention relates to a method for production of ammonia, using an inorganic nanoparticle-microbial complex in which a nitrogen fixation reaction in a microorganism is improved by increasing the amount of inorganic nanoparticles entrapped in the microorganism. The present invention can produce ammonia at low temperature and low pressure conditions, compared to the conventional Haber-Bosch process of producing ammonia in high temperature and high pressure conditions and in a friendly environmental manner without emission of carbon dioxide that is released during conventional chemical synthesis processes, whereby the present invention may be a competitive alternative to the prior art for production of ammonia that has an unlimited potential as a future energy resource.

The present invention relates to a method for production of ammonia, using an inorganic nanoparticle-microbial complex in which a nitrogen fixation reaction in a microorganism is improved by increasing the amount of inorganic nanoparticles entrapped in the microorganism. The present invention can produce ammonia at low temperature and low pressure conditions, compared to the conventional Haber-Bosch process of producing ammonia in high temperature and high pressure conditions and in a friendly environmental manner without emission of carbon dioxide that is released during conventional chemical synthesis processes, whereby the present invention may be a competitive alternative to the prior art for production of ammonia that has an unlimited potential as a future energy resource.