The invention relates to a CO oxidation promoter additive and a method of its preparation. The CO oxidation promoter additive is having improved apparent bulk density and attrition properties for use in hydrocarbon conversion during fluid catalytic cracking. The CO oxidation promoter additive has a better CO to CO.sub.2 conversion.

A method for producing a catalyst according to the present invention includes: a preparation step of preparing a precursor slurry comprising molybdenum, bismuth, iron, silica, and a carboxylic acid; a drying step of spray-drying the precursor slurry and thereby obtaining a dried particle; and a calcination step of calcining the dried particle, wherein the preparation step comprises: a step (I) of mixing a starting material for silica with the carboxylic acid and thereby preparing a silica-carboxylic acid mixed liquid; and a step (II) of mixing the silica-carboxylic acid mixed liquid, molybdenum, bismuth, and iron.

The present disclosure relates to yolk-shell structured catalysts. The yolk-shell catalysts can be particularly useful in the tri-reforming of methane. The yolks can include a primary material (M.sub.1), such as nickel (Ni) or nickel oxide (NiO), and a secondary material (M.sub.2). The shell is generally a porous material that can support the yolk. The shell can include silica (SiO.sub.2) and the secondary material can include ceria (CeO.sub.2). The yolk-shell catalyst can take the form of tube-like structures in which the yolk is dispersed within the shell support in a substantially homogeneous fashion.

A process for converting a hydrocarbon feed may comprise contacting a hydrocarbon feed with steam in the presence of a cracking catalyst under steam enhanced catalytic cracking conditions. The contacting the hydrocarbon feed with the steam in the presence of the cracking catalyst may cause at least a portion of the hydrocarbon feed to undergo steam catalytic cracking reactions to produce a cracked effluent comprising C.sub.2 to C.sub.4 olefins, C.sub.6 to C.sub.10 aromatic compounds, or both. The cracking catalyst may be a nanoparticle comprising: a core and a shell. The core may comprise one or more ZSM-5 zeolite particles and have an outer surface. The shell may comprise a plurality of fibers extending radially outward from the outer surface of the core. The plurality of fibers may comprise silica.

A process for converting a hydrocarbon feed may comprise contacting a hydrocarbon feed with steam in the presence of a cracking catalyst under steam enhanced catalytic cracking conditions. The contacting the hydrocarbon feed with the steam in the presence of the cracking catalyst may cause at least a portion of the hydrocarbon feed to undergo steam catalytic cracking reactions to produce a cracked effluent comprising C.sub.2 to C.sub.4 olefins, C.sub.6 to C.sub.10 aromatic compounds, or both. The cracking catalyst may be a nanoparticle comprising: a core and a shell. The core may comprise one or more ZSM-5 zeolite particles and have an outer surface. The shell may comprise a plurality of fibers extending radially outward from the outer surface of the core. The plurality of fibers may comprise silica.

A catalyst for methanation reaction and a method for preparing methane are provided. The catalyst for methanation reaction includes a core, a shell encapsulating the core, and an active metal. The core includes cerium dioxide (CeO.sub.2), the shell includes zirconium dioxide (ZrO.sub.2), and the active metal is in particle form and is disposed on an outer surface of the shell layer.

A catalyst for methanation reaction and a method for preparing methane are provided. The catalyst for methanation reaction includes a core, a shell encapsulating the core, and an active metal. The core includes cerium dioxide (CeO.sub.2), the shell includes zirconium dioxide (ZrO.sub.2), and the active metal is in particle form and is disposed on an outer surface of the shell layer.

Provided is a method for converting waste plastic pyrolysis oil into light olefins with a high yield. The method includes (1) putting waste plastic pyrolysis oil into a reactor; (2) allowing the waste plastic pyrolysis oil to react in the reactor in the presence of a catalytic cracking catalyst containing (a) a compound of an alkali metal or a compound of an alkaline earth metal and (b) a zeolite to form a product; and (3) recovering light olefins by separating the catalytic cracking catalyst and oil from the product obtained in step (2).

A transparent ceramic substrate is covered by a photocatalyst layer, at least partially. The photocatalyst layer includes a semiconductor material that, upon exposure to electromagnetic radiation, forms a plurality of electrons and a plurality of holes that remain confined to the photocatalyst layer. The transparent ceramic substrate has a diameter that is larger than the wavelength of the electromagnetic radiation for light trapping.

A transparent ceramic substrate is covered by a photocatalyst layer, at least partially. The photocatalyst layer includes a semiconductor material that, upon exposure to electromagnetic radiation, forms a plurality of electrons and a plurality of holes that remain confined to the photocatalyst layer. The transparent ceramic substrate has a diameter that is larger than the wavelength of the electromagnetic radiation for light trapping.