According to one embodiment described in this disclosure, a process for producing propylene may comprise at least partially metathesizing a first stream comprising at least about 10 wt. % butene to form a metathesis-reaction product, at least partially cracking the metathesis-reaction product to form a cracking-reaction product comprising propylene, and at least partially separating propylene from the cracking-reaction product to form a product stream comprising at least about 80 wt. % propylene.

Embodiments of processes for producing propylene utilize a dual catalyst system comprising a mesoporous silica catalyst impregnated with metal oxide and a mordenite framework inverted (MFI) structured silica catalyst downstream of the mesoporous silica catalyst, where the mesoporous silica catalyst includes a pore size distribution of at least 2.5 nm to 40 nm and a total pore volume of at least 0.600 cm.sup.3/g, and the MFI structured silica catalyst has a total acidity of 0.001 mmol/g to 0.1 mmol/g. The propylene is produced from the butene stream via metathesis by contacting the mesoporous silica catalyst and subsequent cracking by contacting the MFI structured silica catalyst.

Disclosed herein are embodiments of a chiral Pd(0) precatalyst that exhibits bench-top and/or solution stability against degradation and/or oxidation. Also disclosed are method embodiments for making the Pd(0) precatalyst and methods for using the same in enantioselective chemical reactions, such as carbon-element bond formation.

Disclosed herein are embodiments of a chiral Pd(0) precatalyst that exhibits bench-top and/or solution stability against degradation and/or oxidation. Also disclosed are method embodiments for making the Pd(0) precatalyst and methods for using the same in enantioselective chemical reactions, such as carbon-element bond formation.

A hydrogen-form chabazite (CHA) zeolite having a SAR of from 8 to 35 with a ratio of the XRD peak intensity corresponding to [2 1 1] and [1 1 1] reflection equal to or greater than 0.80. The CHA zeolite can be made by a method comprising: (i) forming a reaction gel comprising a precursor zeolite (e.g. FER), an organic structure directing agent (OSDA), sodium and/or potassium hydroxide and optionally a silica source, and (ii) heating the reaction gel to a temperature and for a duration suitable for the growth of the CHA zeolite. Suitable OSDAs for step (i) include N,N,N-trimethyl-1-adamantylammonium, N,N,N-dimethylethylcyclohexylam monium, trimethyl(cyclohexylmethyl) ammonium, tetraethylammonium, N-Ethyl-N,N-dimethylcyclohexanaminium, benzyltrimethyl ammonium, N,N,N-triethylcyclohexylammonium, N,N,N-trimethylcyclohexyl ammonium, N,N,N-diethylmethylcyclohexyl ammonium, trimethyl cyclohexyl ammonium, trimethyl phenyl ammonium and triethylmethyl ammonium.

A hydrogen-form chabazite (CHA) zeolite having a SAR of from 8 to 35 with a ratio of the XRD peak intensity corresponding to [2 1 1] and [1 1 1] reflection equal to or greater than 0.80. The CHA zeolite can be made by a method comprising: (i) forming a reaction gel comprising a precursor zeolite (e.g. FER), an organic structure directing agent (OSDA), sodium and/or potassium hydroxide and optionally a silica source, and (ii) heating the reaction gel to a temperature and for a duration suitable for the growth of the CHA zeolite. Suitable OSDAs for step (i) include N,N,N-trimethyl-1-adamantylammonium, N,N,N-dimethylethylcyclohexylam monium, trimethyl(cyclohexylmethyl) ammonium, tetraethylammonium, N-Ethyl-N,N-dimethylcyclohexanaminium, benzyltrimethyl ammonium, N,N,N-triethylcyclohexylammonium, N,N,N-trimethylcyclohexyl ammonium, N,N,N-diethylmethylcyclohexyl ammonium, trimethyl cyclohexyl ammonium, trimethyl phenyl ammonium and triethylmethyl ammonium.

Disclosed herein are mixed oxide compositions containing mixed oxides of cerium, zirconium, and a mixture of iron and strontium. These compositions optionally also may contain additional rare earth dopants. These mixed oxide compositions surprisingly exhibit enhanced low temperature oxygen storage capacity (OSC), even after aging at elevated temperatures. These mixed oxide compositions importantly contain iron and strontium (as oxides) and this mixture of iron and strontium surprisingly provides the mixed oxide composition with improved OSC even after aging at elevated temperatures, in particular improved OSC at lower temperatures. The compositions may be used as catalytic carriers which may be used in gas exhaust purification catalysts.

The present invention relates to catalyst. Co.sub.3O.sub.4 nanocube or In.sub.2O.sub.3 with novel characterization features for the synthesis of CO, which is used as a reducing agent in the production of direct reduced metal from metal ore or mixture of metal oxides.

A Low Temperature Methane Steam Reforming LTMSR catalyst is based on a non-noble metal, an alkaline earth metal and a rare earth metal combination on a support to produce stable and low temperature methane steam reforming catalysts. The catalyst is suitable for steam reforming mixtures of light hydrocarbons, such as those found in natural gas and bio-gas sources. The output may be configured to provide methane and carbon dioxide in a ratio of around 1:1 by number which is suitable for further processing into end products. The process and catalyst may help show an improved long-term performance by suppressing the fast formation of coke that is well-known to deteriorate the activity of other conventional reforming catalysts. This performance is obtained by controlling the composition and crystalline sizes of the active catalyst components on the selected support and by controlling the reaction conditions.

A Low Temperature Methane Steam Reforming LTMSR catalyst is based on a non-noble metal, an alkaline earth metal and a rare earth metal combination on a support to produce stable and low temperature methane steam reforming catalysts. The catalyst is suitable for steam reforming mixtures of light hydrocarbons, such as those found in natural gas and bio-gas sources. The output may be configured to provide methane and carbon dioxide in a ratio of around 1:1 by number which is suitable for further processing into end products. The process and catalyst may help show an improved long-term performance by suppressing the fast formation of coke that is well-known to deteriorate the activity of other conventional reforming catalysts. This performance is obtained by controlling the composition and crystalline sizes of the active catalyst components on the selected support and by controlling the reaction conditions.