An oxygen carrier includes an alumina support, cerium oxide in an amount of 0.5 to 2 percent by weight (wt. %), and iron oxide in an amount of 5 to 35 wt. %, where the percent by weight is based on a total weight of the oxygen carrier. Further, the cerium oxide and the iron oxide are doped on the alumina support, the oxygen carrier is in the form of layered particles having a longest dimension of 50 to 500 nm. Furthermore, the oxygen carrier is porous with an average pore volume of 0.01 to 0.05 cm.sup.3/g and an average pore diameter of 10 to 20 nm, the iron oxide has an average crystallite size of 10 to 30 nm, and the oxygen carrier includes a CeO.sub.2 phase, an Al.sub.2O.sub.3 phase, an Fe.sub.2O.sub.3 phase, and an FeAl.sub.2O.sub.4 phase.

An oxygen carrier includes an alumina support, cerium oxide in an amount of 0.5 to 2 percent by weight (wt. %), and iron oxide in an amount of 5 to 35 wt. %, where the percent by weight is based on a total weight of the oxygen carrier. Further, the cerium oxide and the iron oxide are doped on the alumina support, the oxygen carrier is in the form of layered particles having a longest dimension of 50 to 500 nm. Furthermore, the oxygen carrier is porous with an average pore volume of 0.01 to 0.05 cm.sup.3/g and an average pore diameter of 10 to 20 nm, the iron oxide has an average crystallite size of 10 to 30 nm, and the oxygen carrier includes a CeO.sub.2 phase, an Al.sub.2O.sub.3 phase, an Fe.sub.2O.sub.3 phase, and an FeAl.sub.2O.sub.4 phase.

There is provided a method for the production of a pyrolysis oil from end-of-life plastics, the method comprising: (i) providing end-of-life plastics material; (ii) melting the end-of-life plastics material to form a molten plastics material; (iii) pyrolysing the molten plastics material in an oxygen-free atmosphere to provide pyrolysis gases and a char material; (iv) condensing the pyrolysis gases to provide the pyrolysis oil; wherein the method further comprises dispersing a zeolitic material in the end-of-life plastics material or in the molten plastics material, characterised in that the zeolitic material comprises a zeolite having a molar silica to alumina ratio (SAR) of from 10 to 140, a mean crystal size of about 200 nm or less, and wherein the zeolitic material has a mesopore volume of at least 0.30 cm3/g and a micropore volume of at least 0.10 cm3/g.

There is provided a method for the production of a pyrolysis oil from end-of-life plastics, the method comprising: (i) providing end-of-life plastics material; (ii) melting the end-of-life plastics material to form a molten plastics material; (iii) pyrolysing the molten plastics material in an oxygen-free atmosphere to provide pyrolysis gases and a char material; (iv) condensing the pyrolysis gases to provide the pyrolysis oil; wherein the method further comprises dispersing a zeolitic material in the end-of-life plastics material or in the molten plastics material, characterised in that the zeolitic material comprises a zeolite having a molar silica to alumina ratio (SAR) of from 10 to 140, a mean crystal size of about 200 nm or less, and wherein the zeolitic material has a mesopore volume of at least 0.30 cm3/g and a micropore volume of at least 0.10 cm3/g.

The present invention relates to a method for producing renewable gas D, renewable naphtha E, and renewable jet fuel F or components thereto from a renewable feedstock A, in particular to methods comprising separate hydrodeoxygenation (20) and hydroisomerization steps (40) wherein the hydroisomerization is performed in the presence of a metal impregnated ZSM-23 catalyst.

The present invention relates to a method for producing renewable gas D, renewable naphtha E, and renewable jet fuel F or components thereto from a renewable feedstock A, in particular to methods comprising separate hydrodeoxygenation (20) and hydroisomerization steps (40) wherein the hydroisomerization is performed in the presence of a metal impregnated ZSM-23 catalyst.

A method of cracking a hydrocarbon including contacting the hydrocarbon with a catalyst; where on the contacting, the hydrocarbon is cracked into a plurality of compounds, each having a smaller number of carbon atoms than the hydrocarbon. The catalyst includes an aluminosilicate zeolite, the aluminosilicate zeolite includes a weight ratio of SiO.sub.2 to Al.sub.2O.sub.3 of 10-200:1. Particles of the aluminosilicate zeolite have a flake shape with an average longest dimension of 10 nanometers (nm) to 50 nm and the flakes are stacked on top of one another.

A method of cracking a hydrocarbon including contacting the hydrocarbon with a catalyst; where on the contacting, the hydrocarbon is cracked into a plurality of compounds, each having a smaller number of carbon atoms than the hydrocarbon. The catalyst includes an aluminosilicate zeolite, the aluminosilicate zeolite includes a weight ratio of SiO.sub.2 to Al.sub.2O.sub.3 of 10-200:1. Particles of the aluminosilicate zeolite have a flake shape with an average longest dimension of 10 nanometers (nm) to 50 nm and the flakes are stacked on top of one another.

The present invention relates to a catalyst for a hydrogenation reaction and a method for producing the same, and more specifically, to a catalyst for a hydrogenation reaction, wherein the catalyst includes nickel oxide as an active ingredient and copper oxide and sulfur oxide as a promoter, and especially, can control a reduction degree value according to whether or not a passivation layer of a nickel metal is removed.

The present invention relates to a catalyst for a hydrogenation reaction and a method for producing the same, and more specifically, to a catalyst for a hydrogenation reaction, wherein the catalyst includes nickel oxide as an active ingredient and copper oxide and sulfur oxide as a promoter, and especially, can control a reduction degree value according to whether or not a passivation layer of a nickel metal is removed.