A new chromium-containing fluorination catalyst is described. The catalyst comprises an amount of zinc that promotes activity. The zinc is contained in aggregates which have a size across their largest dimension of up to 1 micron. The aggregates are distributed throughout at least the surface region of the catalyst and greater than 40 weight % of the aggregates contain a concentration of zinc that is within 1 weight % of the modal concentration of zinc in those aggregates.

An apparatus for cooling a reactive mixture, comprising: a reactor configured to form the reactive mixture; a quench chamber comprising a frusto-conical body having a wide end, a narrow end, and a quench region formed between the wide and narrow end, wherein the quench chamber is configured to receive the reactive mixture from the plasma reactor through a reactive mixture inlet into the quench region, to receive a conditioning fluid through at least one fluid inlet, and to flow the conditioning fluid into the quench region, wherein the frusto-conical body is configured to produce a turbulent flow within the quench region with the flow of the conditioning fluid into the quench region, thereby promoting the quenching of the reactive mixture to form a cooled gas-particle mixture; and a suction generator configured to force the cooled gas-particle mixture out of the quench chamber.

Disclosed is a method for preparing a bimetallic perovskite loaded grapheme-like carbon nitride photocatalyst, comprising: 11) dissolving SbCl.sub.3 and AgCl in HCl solution under heating and constant stirring; then adding CsCl in the heated solution to form sediment on the bottom of the beaker; collecting the sediment and wash it with ethanol, and finally drying in an oven to obtain Cs.sub.2AgSbCl.sub.6 powder; 12) adding melamine into an aluminum oxide crucible and placing it into a muffle furnace for calcination and finally cooling to room temperature naturally to obtain g-C.sub.3N.sub.4 samples; 13) adding the Cs.sub.2AgSbCl.sub.6 bimetallic perovskite and the g-C.sub.3N.sub.4 into a solvent, and stirring after subjecting to ultrasound, and drying after centrifuging to obtain the photocatalyst. Provided is a new idea for the combination of bimetallic halide perovskite and photocatalytic material, and the preparation method has mild conditions, simple operation, and is favorable for large-scale production.

A hexaaluminate-containing catalyst for reforming hydrocarbons. The catalyst consists of a hexaaluminate-containing phase, which consists of cobalt and at least one further element from the group consisting of La, Ba, and Sr, and an oxidic secondary phase. To prepare the catalyst, an aluminum source is brought into contact with a cobalt-containing metal salt solution, dried, and calcined. The metal salt solution additionally contains the at least one further element. The reforming of methane and carbon dioxide is great economic interest since synthesis gas produced during this process can form a raw material for the preparation of basic chemicals. In addition, the use of carbon dioxide as a starting material is important in the chemical syntheses in order to bind carbon dioxide obtained as waste product in numerous processes by a chemical route and thereby avoid emission into the atmosphere.

A new chromium-containing fluorination catalyst is described. The catalyst comprises an amount of zinc that promotes activity. The zinc is contained in aggregates which have a size across their largest dimension of up to 1 micron. The aggregates are distributed throughout at least the surface region of the catalyst and greater than 40 weight % of the aggregates contain a concentration of zinc that is within 1 weight % of the modal concentration of zinc in those aggregates.

A method of hydrogen (H.sub.2) generation includes hydrolyzing a borohydride salt in an aqueous solution including a catalyst to form gaseous hydrogen. The catalyst is a bismuth(III) oxide-doped silicon dioxide with an amount of bismuth(III) oxide from 2 wt. % to 12 wt. % based on a total weight of the bismuth(III) oxide-doped silicon dioxide. The bismuth(III) oxide is dispersed in silicon dioxide in the catalyst. The weight ratio of the catalyst to the borohydride salt present in the aqueous solution is from 0.1:2 to 7:1 and a rate of hydrolysis of the borohydride salt in the presence of the catalyst is 2 to 3 times greater than a rate of hydrolysis of the borohydride salt in the absence of the catalyst.

A silicon-modified zinc oxide material, wherein the silicon-modified zinc oxide material (i) has a BET surface area of at least 50 m.sup.2/g, (ii) has a Si:Zn atomic ratio in the range of 0.001 to 0.5:1 and (iii) is in the form of a shaped unit selected from a pellet, extrudate or granule, or a wash-coat on a monolith support. The silicon-modified zinc oxide material has improved resistance to thermal sintering and may be used as a catalyst or sorbent material.

Methods and manufacturing processes for photocatalyst extrusion, extrudate photocatalysts, and photoreactor utilizing extrudate photocatalysts as a photocatalyst packed bed. An example method includes co-precipitating solutions to form a photocatalyst slurry, centrifugating and drying the slurry to form a dried powder, mixing the dried powder with a binder and a porogen and combining with a solvent to form a dough, feeding the dough through an extruder to create extrudates having a predetermined shape and cross-section, drying the extrudate, and thermally treating the extrudate after drying.

Disclosed are a catalyst for synergistic removal of nitrogen oxides (NO.sub.x) and CO as well as a preparation method and use thereof. The preparation method comprises: performing vibratory ball milling, washing, drying and calcining on aluminum isopropoxide and/or titanium isopropoxide, chlorides of five or more different metal elements and P123 and/or polyethylene glycol (PEG), stirring the obtained high-entropy oxide inner core and a gel of H.sub.3PO.sub.4 and Ce(NO.sub.3).sub.3, and then performing vibratory ball milling, washing, drying and calcining to obtain an high-entropy oxide loaded with CePO.sub.4 seeds; and preparing, by using ammonia water, a clear solution containing pyrophosphate and Ce(NO.sub.3).sub.3 in equal stoichiometric ratios, then adding the high-entropy oxide loaded with the CePO.sub.4 seeds and urea and/or tetrapropylammonium hydroxide (TPAH) to form a slurry, and, after hydrothermal reaction, washing, drying and calcining a solid to obtain the catalyst.

The specification discloses a highly macroporous catalyst for hydroprocessing and hydroconversion of heavy hydrocarbon feedstocks. The high macroporosity catalyst incudes an inorganic oxide, molybdenum, and nickel components. It has a pore structure such that at least 18% of its total pore volume is in pores of a diameter greater than 5,000 angstroms and at least 25% of its total pore volume is in pores of a diameter greater than 1,000 angstroms. Preferably, the pore structure is bimodal. The catalyst is made by co-mulling the catalytic components with a high molecular weight polyacrylamide followed by forming the co-mulled mixture into a particle or an extrudate. The particle or extrudate is dried and calcined under controlled calcination temperature conditions to yield a calcined particle or extrudate of the high macroporosity catalyst composition.