Processes for transforming an inert metal component into an active metal catalyst are provided. Apparatus and methods using active metal catalyst prepared according the process described herein are also provided.

Processes for transforming an inert metal component into an active metal catalyst are provided. Apparatus and methods using active metal catalyst prepared according the process described herein are also provided.

A core-shell oxide material comprises: a core which comprises a ceria-zirconia based solid solution powder having at least one ordered phase of a pyrochlore phase and a κ phase; and a shell which comprises an alumina based oxide disposed on at least a portion of a surface of the core.

The invention provides a modified zeolite, a method of preparing the modified zeolite and a method of one cycle alkylating benzene in presence of one of an unmodified and modified zeolite catalyst. The modified zeolite catalyst includes zeolite with ratio of silica to alumina ranging between 5% to 95% of silica and 95% to 5% alumina, kaolinite and a binder, wherein the zeolite is modified with one or more metal oxides of Lanthanide-series of the Periodic Table. The method of alkylating benzene is one cycle process in presence of a catalyst that includes charging benzene and ethylene gas feedstock to an alkylation zone. Heated benzene and the ethylene gas feedstock are contacted in a fixed bed reactor in the alkylation zone. The catalyst for alkylating benzene is added in a catalyst zone of the fixed bed reactor.

Fluidizable catalysts for the oxygen-free oxidative dehydrogenation of alkanes to corresponding olefins. The catalysts comprise 10-20% by weight per total catalyst weight of one or more vanadium oxides (VO.sub.x) such as V.sub.2O.sub.5 as well as 1-5% by weight per total catalyst weight of niobium as a promoter. The dehydrogenation catalysts are mounted on an alumina support that is modified with lanthanum to stabilize bulk phase transformation of the alumina. Various methods of preparing and characterizing the catalysts as well as methods for the oxygen-free oxidative dehydrogenation of alkanes to corresponding olefins with improved alkane conversion and olefin selectivity are also disclosed.

Fluidizable catalysts for the oxygen-free oxidative dehydrogenation of alkanes to corresponding olefins. The catalysts comprise 10-20% by weight per total catalyst weight of one or more vanadium oxides (VO.sub.x) such as V.sub.2O.sub.5 as well as 1-5% by weight per total catalyst weight of niobium as a promoter. The dehydrogenation catalysts are mounted on an alumina support that is modified with lanthanum to stabilize bulk phase transformation of the alumina. Various methods of preparing and characterizing the catalysts as well as methods for the oxygen-free oxidative dehydrogenation of alkanes to corresponding olefins with improved alkane conversion and olefin selectivity are also disclosed.

Processes for producing an activated chromium catalyst are disclosed, and these processes comprise contacting a supported chromium catalyst with a gas stream containing from 25-60 vol % oxygen at a peak activation temperature of 550-900° C. to produce the activated chromium catalyst. The linear velocity of the gas stream is 0.18-0.4 ft/sec, and the oxygen linear velocity of the gas stream is 0.05-0.15 ft/sec. The resultant activated chromium catalyst and an optional co-catalyst can be contacted with an olefin monomer and an optional olefin comonomer in a polymerization reactor system under polymerization conditions to produce an olefin polymer.

The invention relates to a fluorination process, alternately comprising reaction stages and regeneration stages, wherein the reaction stages comprise reacting a chlorinated compound with hydrogen fluoride in gas phase in the presence of a fluorination catalyst to produce a fluorinated compound, and the regeneration stages comprise contacting the fluorination catalyst with an oxidizing agent-containing gas flow.

The invention relates to a fluorination process, alternately comprising reaction stages and regeneration stages, wherein the reaction stages comprise reacting a chlorinated compound with hydrogen fluoride in gas phase in the presence of a fluorination catalyst to produce a fluorinated compound, and the regeneration stages comprise contacting the fluorination catalyst with an oxidizing agent-containing gas flow.

The invention relates to a process for treating a catalyst for alkane oxidative dehydrogenation and/or alkene oxidation, which catalyst is a mixed metal oxide catalyst containing molybdenum, vanadium and niobium, wherein the process comprises: contacting the catalyst with a gas mixture comprising an inert gas and oxygen (O.sub.2), wherein the amount of oxygen is of from 10 to less than 10,000 parts per million by volume (ppmv), based on the total volume of the gas mixture, at an elevated temperature.