Embodiments of catalyst systems and methods of synthesizing catalyst systems are provided. The catalyst system may include a core comprising a zeolite; and a shell comprising a microporous fibrous silica. The shell may be in direct contact with at least a majority of an outer surface of the core. The catalyst system may have a Si/Al molar ratio greater than 5. At least a portion of the shell may have a thickness of from 50 nanometers (nm) to 600 nm.

Embodiments of catalyst systems and methods of synthesizing catalyst systems are provided. The catalyst system may include a core comprising a zeolite; and a shell comprising a microporous fibrous silica. The shell may be in direct contact with at least a majority of an outer surface of the core. The catalyst system may have a Si/Al molar ratio greater than 5. At least a portion of the shell may have a thickness of from 50 nanometers (nm) to 600 nm.

The invention pertains to a process for deep desulphurization of low sulphur content feedstock comprising the steps of providing a low sulphur content hydrocarbon feedstock and contacting said hydrocarbon feedstock with a cobalt-molybdenum desulphurizing system or a nickel-molybdenum desulphurizing system in an oxide form in order to obtain a very low sulphur product comprising less than 5 ppm by weight sulphur.

A process for preparing C.sub.2 to C.sub.5 paraffins includes introducing a feed stream comprising hydrogen gas and a carbon-containing gas into a reaction zone of a reactor, and converting the feed stream into a product stream comprising C.sub.2 to C.sub.5 paraffins in the reaction zone in the presence of a hybrid catalyst. The hybrid catalyst includes a metal oxide catalyst component and a microporous catalyst component. The metal oxide catalyst component satisfies: an atomic ratio of Cu/Zn from 0.01 to 3.00; an atomic ratio of Cr/Zn from 0.01 to 1.50; and percentage of (Al+Cr) from greater than 0.0 at % to 50.0 at % based on a total amount of metal in the metal oxide catalyst component.

A preparation method of Cu—Pd—CeO.sub.2/γ-Al.sub.2O.sub.3@NP catalyst and a synthesis method of benzopyrazine compounds. The preparation method of the Cu—Pd—CeO.sub.2/γ-Al.sub.2O.sub.3@NP catalyst comprises the following steps: (1) preparing a CeO.sub.2/γ-Al.sub.2O.sub.3 carrier; (2) preparing a CeO.sub.2/γ-Al.sub.2O.sub.3@NP carrier; (3) preparing the Cu—Pd—CeO.sub.2/γ-Al.sub.2O.sub.3@NP catalyst by impregnation method. A one-pot method for synthesizing benzopyrazine compounds of formula (III) includes using an o-nitroaniline compound of formula (I) and an aliphatic diol compound of formula (II) as raw materials, carrying out the one-pot synthesis of the benzopyrazine compound of formula (III) under solvent-free condition and under the combined action of the Cu—Pd—CeO.sub.2/γ-Al.sub.2O.sub.3@NP catalyst prepared by the method and an alkali. The Cu—Pd—CeO.sub.2/γ-Al.sub.2O.sub.3@NP catalyst increases the number of basic sites by doping N and P, and meanwhile loads CeO.sub.2 to assist in the extraction of protons, thereby improving the dehydrogenation activity and product selectivity.

Disclosed is a method for efficiently synthesizing primary amines, which comprises using carbonyl compounds or alcohol compounds as reaction substrate, liquid ammonia or alcohol solutions of ammonia as nitrogen source, and hydrogen as hydrogen source, and reacting in reaction medium catalyzed by a cobalt-based catalyst to obtain the primary amines. Due to high catalytic activity, the method can realize the reductive amination of carbonyl compounds and the hydrogen-borrowing amination of alcohol compounds at low temperatures in a short time to obtain the primary amines with high yield, and is applicable to a wide range of substrates. The obtained primary amines can be used as raw materials with high extra value for producing polymers, medicines, dyes and surfactants. Further, the cobalt-based catalyst has a good industrial application prospect because it is magnetic which can facilitate separation and recycling of the catalyst. Moreover, the inexpensive cobalt-based catalyst can significantly reduce industrialization cost.

Disclosed is a method for efficiently synthesizing primary amines, which comprises using carbonyl compounds or alcohol compounds as reaction substrate, liquid ammonia or alcohol solutions of ammonia as nitrogen source, and hydrogen as hydrogen source, and reacting in reaction medium catalyzed by a cobalt-based catalyst to obtain the primary amines. Due to high catalytic activity, the method can realize the reductive amination of carbonyl compounds and the hydrogen-borrowing amination of alcohol compounds at low temperatures in a short time to obtain the primary amines with high yield, and is applicable to a wide range of substrates. The obtained primary amines can be used as raw materials with high extra value for producing polymers, medicines, dyes and surfactants. Further, the cobalt-based catalyst has a good industrial application prospect because it is magnetic which can facilitate separation and recycling of the catalyst. Moreover, the inexpensive cobalt-based catalyst can significantly reduce industrialization cost.

Disclosed are methods of dehydrogenating a light alkane gas (and/or light alkene gas), which include adding hydrogen (H.sub.2) to the light alkane gas (and/or light alkene gas) in the presence of a catalyst composition containing zirconium oxide. Also disclosed are catalyst compositions containing zirconium oxide and methods of preparation thereof, where the catalyst compositions are useful in methods of dehydrogenating light alkane gas.

Disclosed are methods of dehydrogenating a light alkane gas (and/or light alkene gas), which include adding hydrogen (H.sub.2) to the light alkane gas (and/or light alkene gas) in the presence of a catalyst composition containing zirconium oxide. Also disclosed are catalyst compositions containing zirconium oxide and methods of preparation thereof, where the catalyst compositions are useful in methods of dehydrogenating light alkane gas.

The present disclosure relates to a catalyst system and a method for its preparation. The catalyst system of the present disclosure comprises a support, a promoter component impregnated in the support, and an active metal component comprising nickel, cobalt, and molybdenum impregnated in the support. In the active metal component the molar mass of molybdenum is greater than the combined molar mass of cobalt and nickel. The catalyst system of the present disclosure is used for upgrading crude bio oil.