Antimicrobial ion exchange polymer salts are made by exchanging biologically active ionic agents onto organic ion exchange polymers. The activated polymers are useful in a wide range of antimicrobial coatings, materials, devices, agricultural treatments, and other applications, and are stable to thermal degradation and decomposition. The activated ion exchange polymer salts may be water-soluble or insoluble in water. Particle size distribution of the activated ion exchange polymer salts may be reduced and the resulting powders processed into polymers or polymer precursors using novel methods to produce stable, biologically active polymer composites, including antimicrobial polymer composites and coatings that are effective against bacteria, fungi and/or viruses. Antimicrobial polymer composites and coatings described here are potent against normal and drug resistant microbes (e.g., MRSA, and Candida auris) and have been proven effective against problematic human pathogenic viruses, including influenza viruses (e.g., H1N1) and noroviruses.

Systems and methods for recharging zirconium phosphate and zirconium oxide in reusable sorbent modules are provided. The systems and methods provide for recharging any combination of zirconium phosphate and/or zirconium oxide sorbent modules. The systems and methods also provide for linkage of multiple rechargers for sharing of infrastructure.

Systems and methods for recharging zirconium phosphate and zirconium oxide in reusable sorbent modules are provided. The systems and methods provide for recharging any combination of zirconium phosphate and/or zirconium oxide sorbent modules. The systems and methods also provide for linkage of multiple rechargers for sharing of infrastructure.

Systems and methods for recharging zirconium phosphate and zirconium oxide are provided. The systems and methods provide for recharging of the zirconium phosphate and zirconium oxide in reusable sorbent modules. The systems and methods include recharging flow paths for recharging zirconium phosphate independently or concurrently.

Systems and methods for recharging zirconium phosphate and zirconium oxide are provided. The systems and methods provide for recharging of the zirconium phosphate and zirconium oxide in reusable sorbent modules. The systems and methods include recharging flow paths for recharging zirconium phosphate independently or concurrently.

Methods and related apparatuses for sorbent recharging are provided. The methods and related apparatuses for recharging can recharge a specific rechargeable layer or module of a sorbent material such as zirconium phosphate in a sorbent cartridge. The methods and apparatuses include a fluid source containing at least one recharging fluid, wherein the fluid source is fluidly connectable to at least one rechargeable sorbent module for use in sorbent dialysis in a fluid flow path. The methods and apparatuses include passing a single solution through the zirconium phosphate for ion exchanges, resulting in zirconium phosphate to maintain a substantially consistent pH in a dialysate used during dialysis.

Methods and related apparatuses for sorbent recharging are provided. The methods and related apparatuses for recharging can recharge a specific rechargeable layer or module of a sorbent material such as zirconium phosphate in a sorbent cartridge. The methods and apparatuses include a fluid source containing at least one recharging fluid, wherein the fluid source is fluidly connectable to at least one rechargeable sorbent module for use in sorbent dialysis in a fluid flow path. The methods and apparatuses include passing a single solution through the zirconium phosphate for ion exchanges, resulting in zirconium phosphate to maintain a substantially consistent pH in a dialysate used during dialysis.

The invention relates to devices, systems, and methods for recharging zirconium phosphate and/or zirconium oxide in reusable sorbent modules. The devices, systems, and methods provide for precision recharging of the zirconium phosphate and/or zirconium oxide to avoid the need of excess recharge solutions. The devices systems and methods also provide for calculation of the volumes of recharge solution needed for fully recharging the zirconium phosphate and zirconium oxide modules.

A new family of rare-earth silicate compositions and the synthetic methods used to prepare them. The materials have open-framework structures and are characterized by their ion-exchange properties. They are represented by the following empirical formula:
A.sup.r+.sub.pM.sup.s+.sub.1-xM.sup.t+.sub.xSi.sub.nO.sub.m
where A is an exchangeable cation such as sodium, M is at least one element selected from the group of rare-earth elements, and M is a framework metal having a valence of +2, +3, +4, or +5. The rare-earth silicate materials have utility in various cation-exchange applications such as dialysis and removal of toxic metals from the gastrointestinal tract.

A new family of rare-earth silicate compositions and the synthetic methods used to prepare them. The materials have open-framework structures and are characterized by their ion-exchange properties. They are represented by the following empirical formula:
A.sup.r+.sub.pM.sup.s+.sub.1-xM.sup.t+.sub.xSi.sub.nO.sub.m
where A is an exchangeable cation such as sodium, M is at least one element selected from the group of rare-earth elements, and M is a framework metal having a valence of +2, +3, +4, or +5. The rare-earth silicate materials have utility in various cation-exchange applications such as dialysis and removal of toxic metals from the gastrointestinal tract.