The present disclosure relates processes and systems for producing and/or purifying .sup.68Ga from an irradiated substrate of .sup.68Zn. In some embodiments, the process rely on the use two cation-exchange chromatography columns to separate .sup.68Ga from .sup.68Zn and other radionuclides and metallic impurities. The process achieves a high overall yield of .sup.68Ga and a high effective molar activity while being implementable in a time compatible with the short half-life of .sup.68Ga. In additional embodiments, the process is implemented by an automated system.

The present disclosure relates processes and systems for producing and/or purifying .sup.68Ga from an irradiated substrate of .sup.68Zn. In some embodiments, the process rely on the use two cation-exchange chromatography columns to separate .sup.68Ga from .sup.68Zn and other radionuclides and metallic impurities. The process achieves a high overall yield of .sup.68Ga and a high effective molar activity while being implementable in a time compatible with the short half-life of .sup.68Ga. In additional embodiments, the process is implemented by an automated system.

A method for purifying an organic solvent has a first treatment of bringing an organic solvent to be treated into contact with an H-type cation exchanger, and a second treatment of bringing a treated liquid from the first treatment into contact with an anion exchanger and an H-type strongly acidic cation exchanger. According to the present application, the provided method and an apparatus for purifying an organic solvent remove metal impurities of both metal species of monovalent and polyvalent metals in the organic solvent.

An ion exchange chromatography column contains an ion exchange stationary phase that includes a charged substrate, a plurality of first particles, and a plurality of second particles. The plurality of first particles each include first ion exchange groups and the first particles are ionically bound to the charged substrate. The plurality of second particles each include second ion exchange groups and the second particles are ionically bound to the charged substrate. The first particles having a first ion exchange group density, and the second particles having a second ion exchange group density. The first ion exchange group density is greater than the second ion exchange group density. The ion exchange chromatography column has a number of zones connected in series where each zone can have a varying level of first ion exchange groups and second ion exchange group from the inlet zone to the outlet zone.

A device for purifying at least one fluid is provided. The device includes at least a first ion exchange column, an inlet line and an outlet line. The inlet line and the outlet line are associated with a cover part, the inlet line is connected to a first supply line into a first free space between a bottom part and at least one nozzle insert, which is formed as a first bottom nozzle insert, and the nozzle insert has a number of openings for the passage of the fluid. The openings are distributed over at least a partial surface of the nozzle insert, by which the fluid can be introduced into a first volume of the ion exchange column which can be filled with an ion exchange resin.

A device for purifying at least one fluid is provided. The device includes at least a first ion exchange column, an inlet line and an outlet line. The inlet line and the outlet line are associated with a cover part, the inlet line is connected to a first supply line into a first free space between a bottom part and at least one nozzle insert, which is formed as a first bottom nozzle insert, and the nozzle insert has a number of openings for the passage of the fluid. The openings are distributed over at least a partial surface of the nozzle insert, by which the fluid can be introduced into a first volume of the ion exchange column which can be filled with an ion exchange resin.

A device for purifying at least one fluid is provided. The device includes at least a first ion exchange column, an inlet line and an outlet line. The inlet line and the outlet line are associated with a cover part, the inlet line is connected to a first supply line into a first free space between a bottom part and at least one nozzle insert, which is formed as a first bottom nozzle insert, and the nozzle insert has a number of openings for the passage of the fluid. The openings are distributed over at least a partial surface of the nozzle insert, by which the fluid can be introduced into a first volume of the ion exchange column which can be filled with an ion exchange resin.

A device for purifying at least one fluid is provided. The device includes at least a first ion exchange column, an inlet line and an outlet line. The inlet line and the outlet line are associated with a cover part, the inlet line is connected to a first supply line into a first free space between a bottom part and at least one nozzle insert, which is formed as a first bottom nozzle insert, and the nozzle insert has a number of openings for the passage of the fluid. The openings are distributed over at least a partial surface of the nozzle insert, by which the fluid can be introduced into a first volume of the ion exchange column which can be filled with an ion exchange resin.

The present disclosure relates, in some embodiments, to a method including demineralizing a protein liquor (i.e., a liquid portion of a lysed microcrop (e.g., Lemna) that has been separated to generate the liquid portion and a solid portion and having a composition including a soluble microcrop protein and a Vitamin B12) to generate a demineralized protein liquor. According to some embodiments, demineralizing the protein liquor may include diafiltration, ultrafiltration, nanofiltration, reverse osmosis filtration, electrodialysis, and/or passing the protein liquor through an ion exchange resin (e.g., an anion exchange resin. a trialkyl ammonium salt having three methyl groups). In some embodiments, a method may further include concentrating a demineralized protein liquor to generate at least one of a milk base and an electrolyte drink.

The present disclosure relates to the use of a strongly basic anion exchange resin, in the form of dimethylethanolamine (DMAE) resin, for the removal of the per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) from fluids such as water.