Water softening system includes water softening tank, neutralization tank, electrolysis tank, and treatment tank. Water softening tank softens raw water containing a hardness component with weakly acidic cation exchange resin. Neutralization tank neutralizes a pH of soft water that has flowed through water softening tank with weakly basic anion exchange resin. Electrolysis tank generates acidic electrolyzed water for regenerating weakly acidic cation exchange resin of water softening tank and alkaline electrolyzed water for regenerating weakly basic anion exchange resin of neutralization tank. Treatment tank mixes the acidic electrolyzed water that has flowed through water softening tank and the alkaline electrolyzed water that has flowed through neutralization tank, and supplies the mixture of the acidic electrolyzed water and the alkaline electrolyzed water to electrolysis tank.

Water softening system includes water softening tank, neutralization tank, electrolysis tank, and treatment tank. Water softening tank softens raw water containing a hardness component with weakly acidic cation exchange resin. Neutralization tank neutralizes a pH of soft water that has flowed through water softening tank with weakly basic anion exchange resin. Electrolysis tank generates acidic electrolyzed water for regenerating weakly acidic cation exchange resin of water softening tank and alkaline electrolyzed water for regenerating weakly basic anion exchange resin of neutralization tank. Treatment tank mixes the acidic electrolyzed water that has flowed through water softening tank and the alkaline electrolyzed water that has flowed through neutralization tank, and supplies the mixture of the acidic electrolyzed water and the alkaline electrolyzed water to electrolysis tank.

Provided are methods of removing perchlorate from water. The methods include contacting water suspected of containing perchlorate with a cationic material. The cationic material includes one or more cationic metal atoms connected by an atom or molecule into an extended structure, and a charge balancing anion. The contacting removes perchlorate (e.g., selectively), if present, from the water. Water treatment vessels, systems and facilities that find use in practicing the methods of the present disclosure are also provided.

Provided are methods of removing perchlorate from water. The methods include contacting water suspected of containing perchlorate with a cationic material. The cationic material includes one or more cationic metal atoms connected by an atom or molecule into an extended structure, and a charge balancing anion. The contacting removes perchlorate (e.g., selectively), if present, from the water. Water treatment vessels, systems and facilities that find use in practicing the methods of the present disclosure are also provided.

A water treatment method to generate potable water and a fertilization or fertigation product is provided. The method comprises the steps of: passing a raw water stream through an anion exchange resin (14a, 14b) to generate a potable water output; regenerating the anion exchange resin (14a, 14b) using a weak potassium chloride solution to generate a product output comprising potassium sulphate, potassium bicarbonate, and preferably also potassium nitrate, suitable for use as or as a precursor to a liquid fertilization or fertigation product.

A water treatment method to generate potable water and a fertilization or fertigation product is provided. The method comprises the steps of: passing a raw water stream through an anion exchange resin (14a, 14b) to generate a potable water output; regenerating the anion exchange resin (14a, 14b) using a weak potassium chloride solution to generate a product output comprising potassium sulphate, potassium bicarbonate, and preferably also potassium nitrate, suitable for use as or as a precursor to a liquid fertilization or fertigation product.

A system for removing long-chain and short-chain per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) from contaminated water using a regenerable anion exchange resin includes at least one first anion exchange resin vessel configured to receive a flow of water contaminated with long and short-chain PFAS compounds. The at least one first anion exchange resin vessel includes a first regenerable anion exchange resin therein having a high affinity for long-chain PFAS compounds configured such that a majority of the long-chain PFAS compounds sorb to the first regenerable anion exchange resin to remove a majority of the long-chain PFAS compounds from the contaminated water and produce a flow of water having a majority of the long-chain PFAS compounds removed. The system also includes at least one second anion exchange resin vessel configured to receive the flow of water having a majority of the long-chain PFAS compounds removed. The at least one second anion exchange resin vessel includes a second regenerable anion exchange resin therein having a high affinity for short-chain PFAS compounds and is configured such that a majority of the short-chain PFAS compounds sorb to the second anion exchange resin to remove a majority of the short-chain PFAS compounds from the contaminated water and produce a treated flow of water having a majority of the long and short-chain PFAS compounds removed.

A system for removing PFSAs and PFCAs from contaminated water using regenerable anion exchange resins includes at least one first anion exchange resin vessel which receives a flow of water contaminated with PFSAs and PFCAs. A first anion exchange resin vessel includes a first regenerable anion exchange resin therein which removes a majority of the PFSAs from the flow of water contaminated with PFSAs and PFCAs and produce a flow of water having a majority of the PFSAs removed. A second anion exchange resin vessel receives the flow of water having a majority of the PFSAs removed. The at least one second anion exchange resin vessel includes a second regenerable anion exchange resin therein which removes a majority of the PFCAs from the flow of water having a majority of PFSAs removed and produce a flow of treated water having a majority of the PFSAs and PFCAs removed.

A system for removing PFSAs and PFCAs from contaminated water using regenerable anion exchange resins includes at least one first anion exchange resin vessel which receives a flow of water contaminated with PFSAs and PFCAs. A first anion exchange resin vessel includes a first regenerable anion exchange resin therein which removes a majority of the PFSAs from the flow of water contaminated with PFSAs and PFCAs and produce a flow of water having a majority of the PFSAs removed. A second anion exchange resin vessel receives the flow of water having a majority of the PFSAs removed. The at least one second anion exchange resin vessel includes a second regenerable anion exchange resin therein which removes a majority of the PFCAs from the flow of water having a majority of PFSAs removed and produce a flow of treated water having a majority of the PFSAs and PFCAs removed.

The invention relates to a method for treating sugar comprising: placing a coloured sugar juice in contact with an ion exchange resin so as to charge the resin with colouring agents and to collect a bleached sugar juice; regenerating the colouring-charged resin, comprising: placing the charged resin in contact with a regeneration brine comprising a chloride salt; and collecting a regeneration effluent, the regeneration effluent comprising at least three fractions A, B and C, fraction A having a higher concentration of chloride salt than fractions B and C; and recycling the regeneration effluent, comprising: nanofiltration of fraction A of the regeneration effluent in order to obtain a first permeate and a first retentate; diafiltration of the first retentate, said diafiltration comprising: dilution of the first retentate with the fraction B of the regeneration effluent; nanofiltration of the mixture in order to obtain a second permeate and a second retentate; mixing of the first permeate with the second permeate and fraction C of the regeneration effluent,