An apparatus is described, as including a reaction region for contacting a reactant gas with a reactive solid under conditions effective to form an intermediate product, and an opening for allowing an unreacted portion of the gaseous reagent and the intermediate product to exit the reaction region. The apparatus can be beneficially employed to form a final product as a reaction product of the intermediate product and the reactant gas. The reaction of the reactant gas and reactive solid can be conducted in a first reaction zone, with the reaction of the reactant gas and intermediate product conducted in a second reaction zone. In a specific implementation, the reaction of the reactant gas and intermediate product is reversible, and the reactant gas and intermediate product are flowed to the second reaction zone at a controlled rate or in a controlled manner, to suppress back reaction forming the reactive solid.

The use of induced condensing agent (ICA) in fluidized bed gas phase reactor systems enables higher production rates but can affect the resulting polyolefins melt index. The effect the increased ICA concentration may have on a melt index may be counteracted, if necessary, by altering the concentration of olefin monomer within the reactor system.

Systems and methods for producing light olefins wherein a feed stream comprising naphtha is flowed into a reaction unit comprising a fast fluidized bed reactor coupled to and in fluid communication with a riser reactor. The fast fluidized bed reactor comprises baffles therein to minimize backmixing therein to maximize the production of light olefins. The effluent from the fast fluidized bed reactor is further flowed to the riser reactor. The lift gas, which can comprise nitrogen, methane, flue gas, or combinations thereof, is injected in the reaction united via a sparger. Effluent of the riser reactor is separated in a product separation unit to produce a product stream comprising light olefins and spent catalyst. Spent catalyst is further stripped by a stripping gas comprising methane, nitrogen, flue gas, or combinations thereof. Stripped spent catalyst is regenerated to produce regenerated catalyst, which is subsequently flowed to the fast fluidized bed reactor.

Fuel reform apparatus includes: internal combustion engine including injector and configured so that compression-ignition combustion is carried out in combustion chamber; reform unit interposed in fuel supply path from fuel tank to injector and including reformer reforming fuel stored in fuel tank by oxidation reaction; ignition timing detector detecting ignition timing of fuel in combustion chamber; and controller including CPU and memory. Controller performs: determining whether fuel has been supplied into fuel tank; determining whether reforming is needed based on ignition timing when it is determined that fuel has been supplied; controlling operation of reform unit so as to reform fuel stored in fuel tank to supply to injector when it is determined that reforming is needed; and controlling operation of reform unit so as to supply fuel stored in fuel tank to injector without reforming when it is determined that reforming is not needed.

Disclosed herein is an apparatus and a method for catalytic conversion of chemical substances in the presence of pulverulent catalysts in a trickle bed reactor with residence times in the range of 0.1-10 seconds, wherein the apparatus includes a trickle bed reactor (2), the inlet side of which is functionally connected to a catalyst reservoir vessel (1) and a reactant feed, and the outlet side of which is functionally connected to a separator (3). The separator (3) has an exit conduit for leading off product stream, wherein the apparatus has the characteristic feature that the exit conduit disposed on the separator (3) for leading off product stream has a continuously acting valve connected via a controller to a pressure measurement sensor, wherein the continuously acting valve and the pressure measurement sensor form a pressure control circuit with a controller.

A process for the selective dimerization and etherification of isoolefins, including feeding a mixed C4 stream and an oxygenate stream to a first fixed bed reactor containing a first catalyst, producing a first reactor effluent comprising dimers of the isoolefin, unreacted C4s, and unreacted oxygenates. Feeding the first reactor effluent directly to a second fixed bed reactor containing a second catalyst, producing a second reactor effluent containing dimers of the isoolefin, unreacted C4s, and unreacted oxygenates. Feeding the second reactor effluent to a catalytic distillation reactor system containing a third catalyst. Concurrently in the catalyst distillation reactor system reacting unreacted C4s in the presence of the third catalyst to form additional dimers of the isoolefin and/or ethers, and separating the dimers of the isoolefins from unreacted oxygenates and unreacted C4s.

The present invention relates to a method for improving the cooling capacity of a gas solids olefin polymerization reactor by splitting the fluidization gas and returning part of the fluidization gas to the reactor into the bottom zone of the reactor and another part of the fluidization gas directly into the dense phase formed by particles of a polymer of the at least one olefin suspended in an upwards flowing stream of the fluidization gas in the middle zone of the reactor.

The present invention provides an integrated process for carbon dioxide capture, sequestration and utilisation, which comprises: a) providing an aqueous slurry comprising an aqueous liquid and a particulate solid comprising an activated magnesium silicate mineral; b) in a dissolution stage, contacting a CO.sub.2-containing gas stream with the aqueous slurry at a first pressure to dissolve magnesium from the mineral to provide a slurry comprising a magnesium ion enriched carbonated aqueous liquid and a magnesium depleted solid residue; and c) in a precipitation stage, precipitating magnesium carbonate from magnesium ions dissolved in step b) by multiple successive stage-wise reductions in pressure, with each stage being at a lower pressure than the preceding stage;
wherein each successive stage-wise reduction in pressure releases CO.sub.2 which is correspondingly stage-wise compressed and recycled back into the dissolution stage.

Described herein is a system (100) for storage and releasing of carbon dioxide comprising at least one solids reactor (1), at least one compressor (7, 8) for compressing the carbon dioxide-containing gas or fluid, respectively, which is introduced through the inlet (3) of the solids reactor, wherein the compressor (7, 8) is constructed in such a way that it adiabatically expands the gas or fluid, respectively, depleted of carbon dioxide that is discharged from the reactor by means of the outlet (2) of the solids reactor, and at least one countercurrent recuperator (6), which is constructed for the heat exchange of the compressed exhaust gas or fluid, respectively, that contains carbon dioxide and the gas or fluid, respectively, depleted of carbon dioxide.

Described is furthermore a solids reactor for storage and releasing carbon dioxide, comprising a gas-tight or fluid-tight, respectively, housing, which has an interior, at least one inlet for feeding in fluids and at least one outlet for discharging of gases or fluids, respectively, wherein the interior of the housing is filled with at least two different solids, wherein one solid is provided for storing thermal energy and the other solid is provided for regenerative storage and releasing of carbon dioxide.

Furthermore described is a method for storage and releasing of carbon dioxide.

A process for polymerizing olefin monomer(s) in a gas-solids olefin polymerization reactor comprising a top zone; a middle zone, which comprises a top end in direct contact with said top zone and which is located below said top zone, the middle zone having a generally cylindrical shape; and a bottom zone, which is in direct contact with a bottom end of the middle zone and which is located below the middle zone; comprising the following steps: introducing a fluidization gas stream into the bottom zone; polymerizing olefin monomer(s) in the presence of a polymerization catalyst in a dense phase formed by particles of a polymer of the olefin monomer(s) suspended in an upwards flowing stream of the fluidization gas in the middle zone; introducing a jet gas stream through one or more jet gas feeding ports in a jet gas feeding area of the middle zone at the dense phase in the middle zone of the gas-solids olefin polymerization reactor; wherein the kinetic energy (E.sub.JG) input in the reactor by the jet stream is between 1.5 and 50 times higher than the kinetic energy (E.sub.FG) input in the reactor by the fluidization gas stream (FG).