An embodiment of a reaction chamber is described that comprises a block of a material comprising a heat source positioned in a central location and a continuous channel comprising an inlet positioned at a first peripheral area of the block and an outlet positioned at a second peripheral area of the block, wherein the channel comprises a serpentine path from the inlet past the centrally located heat source to the outlet.

An oxidation-reduction desulfurization system includes a reactor vessel with sour gas inlet at the bottom and a gas outlet at the top. A primary stage phase separator includes a vertically-oriented pipe with an inlet located inside the reactor vessel. The ratio of the reactor vessel diameter to the pipe inlet diameter is in a range of 2:1 to 5:1. Surface foam and non-gaseous multi-phase mixture including emulsion flow into a partially gas-filled upper section of the vertically-oriented pipe and freefall to a lower level, thereby facilitating mechanical breaking of the foam and the emulsion. A secondary stage phase separator connected to the gas outlet separates non-gaseous surge from sweet gas. Valves and a controller automatically maintain target levels of the non-gaseous multi-phase mixture and non-gaseous surge.

The present invention is directed to a process for the production of exhaust catalysts. In particular, the process describes a way of coating a substrate in a manner which finally leads to reduced coating times.

The present invention concerns a reactor and a process for the hydrothermal treatment of an aqueous mixture, such as watery biomass. The reactor according to the invention comprises (31) an inlet for receiving the aqueous mixture, (32) a tube-shaped reactor interior, which is inclined at an angle in the range of 1-45°; (33) a first zone in the reactor interior (32) comprising means (5) for heating the aqueous mixture; (34) a second zone in the reactor interior (32) for keeping the aqueous mixture at the predetermined temperature; (35) a third zone in the reactor interior (32) for cooling the aqueous mixture; (38) an outlet for discharging a hydrothermally treated aqueous mixture, and (43) an outlet for discharging gas, wherein inlet (31) and outlet (43) are positioned at the top part of the reactor and outlet (38) at the bottom part of the reactor. The inclined nature of the reactor ensures that all gases are efficiently removed from the liquid effluent, and the CO.sub.2 formed during the process is used to improved efficacy of the hydrothermal treatment.

A liquid level sensor, a method for controlling the same, and a reactor with the same are provided. The liquid level sensor includes a first mounting base and a cable assembly. The cable assembly includes a metal shell disposed on the first mounting base; a heating element for heating the metal shell; and a temperature detector for detecting a temperature of the metal shell.

Fuel reform apparatus includes: internal combustion engine including injector and configured so that compression-ignition combustion is carried out in combustion chamber; reform unit interposed in fuel supply path from fuel tank to injector and including reformer reforming fuel stored in fuel tank by oxidation reaction; ignition timing detector detecting ignition timing of fuel in combustion chamber; and controller including CPU and memory. Controller performs: determining whether fuel has been supplied into fuel tank; determining whether reforming is needed based on ignition timing when it is determined that fuel has been supplied; controlling operation of reform unit so as to reform fuel stored in fuel tank to supply to injector when it is determined that reforming is needed; and controlling operation of reform unit so as to supply fuel stored in fuel tank to injector without reforming when it is determined that reforming is not needed.

The present invention provides a low pressure generating plasma reactor closed loop process, comprising: feeding a fresh feed gas flow and a fresh feed absorption liquid flow to a plasma reactor closed loop comprising a condenser, a liquid loop, a recycle gas loop, and a plasma generator; converting feed gas to reactive plasma products in the plasma generator; quenching and absorbing the reactive plasma products into an absorption liquid circulating in the liquid loop where the reactive plasma products react to form liquid reaction products, thereby generating low pressure in the closed loop; monitoring the composition and low pressure of the recycle gas loop and, if the pressure increases, adjusting the composition of the fresh feed gas flow and/or fresh feed absorption liquid flow to bring the composition of the feed gas towards stoichiometric ratio with the absorbed reactive plasma products; extracting circulating absorption liquid, containing the liquid reaction products, from the plasma reactor closed loop as a product flow. The present invention also provides a low pressure generating plasma reactor closed loop system, comprising a plasma generator, a condenser, a recycle gas loop, a liquid loop, and a pump.

A process and equipment assembly for reacting a substituent precursor with a cyclodextrin starting material to provide a raw product comprising a cyclodextrin derivative and 1% or less of an initial amount of the substituent precursor is provided. The process of the present invention provides cyclodextrin derivatives in substantially shorter time and with fewer side products than previous processes that utilize substantially the same starting materials.

A system and method including providing a feed having alkyl-bridged multi-aromatic compounds to a tubular reactor, heating the tubular reactor, and cleaving an alkyl bridge of the alkyl-bridged multi-aromatic compounds.

A method for regulating use of stored diluent in a polymerization process so as to maximize use of diluent recycled diluent recovered from the process, and so minimize use of stored diluent, is disclosed. Also disclosed is apparatus, particularly as an arrangement of controllers and valves for handling the flow of diluent through the process that can be used to implement the disclosed process.