A method for controlling temperature of a chemical reaction without measuring a temperature of the chemical reaction. Changes in mass of a chemical reaction are monitored and are used to calculate the temperature of the system. The reaction can be maintained at a desired temperature (T) without measuring the temperature. The disclosed method is useful for reactions that occur at non-equilibrium conditions where any measured temperature would presume steady-state conditions.

A method for continuously producing a product (A1) by way of at least two coupled-together chemical reactions (C1, C2), wherein at least two input substances (E1, E2) are fed to a first chemical reaction (C1), wherein a plurality of intermediate substances (Z1, Z2) are produced from the input substances (E1, E2) by the first chemical reaction (C1), wherein at least one of the intermediate substances (Z2) is fed to a second chemical reaction (C2), wherein the at least one fed intermediate substance (Z2) is further processed by the second chemical reaction (C2), in particular using at least one further substance (W1, W2) in a second chemical reaction (C2) to form a plurality of output substances (A1, A2), that is to say to form the chemical product (A1) and at least one further output substance (A2), wherein the flow rates (F.sub.i) of the fed substances (E1, E2, Z1, W1, W2, A2) that are fed to one of the reactions (C1, C2) are set by a respective actuating element (V.sub.E1, V.sub.E2, V.sub.W1, V.sub.W 2, V.sub.Z 2, V.sub.A1), wherein each of the fed substances is assigned a separate actuating element, wherein a manipulated variable (S.sub.E2,R, S.sub.i,R) that is stipulated by a controller (R.sub.E2, R.sub.i) is respectively applied to at least one of the actuating elements, wherein, for changing the production rate of the chemical product (A1), a temporary manipulated variable (S.sub.E2,temp, S.sub.i,temp) is respectively applied during a transient phase (II, III) to at least one of these actuating elements (V.sub.E2, V.sub.i) instead of the manipulated variables (S.sub.E2, R, S.sub.i,R) stipulated by the respective controllers (R.sub.E2, R.sub.i), wherein the temporary manipulated variable (S.sub.E2,temp, S.sub.i,temp) or the temporary manipulated variables is/are generated by at least one control unit (SE) in dependence on a default value (NV).

A method of simultaneously modifying degradation rates of at least two compounds including a first compound having a first unmodified degradation rate constant k.sub.1 and a second compound having a second unmodified degradation rate k.sub.2 is provided. The method includes combining a first composition including the first compound with a second composition including the second compound, degrading the first compound and forming a first degradation product; and degrading the second compound and forming a second degradation product. The second degradation product modifies the first unmodified degradation rate constant k.sub.1 of the first compound to a first modified degradation rate k.sub.1′ and the first degradation product modifies the second unmodified degradation rate k.sub.2 of the second compound to a second modified degradation rate k.sub.2′. Compositions resulting from the method are also provided.

The present disclosure relates to a manufacturing system and a manufacturing method which are capable of continuously manufacturing an ester-based composition, and has a technical feature of being capable of manufacturing an ether-based composition continuously, economically, and efficiently.

A synthesis machine for preparation of a targeted inorganic material for recommended synthesis by a computer program that determines optimal solid-state methods for synthesis of an inorganic material. The computational method involves inputting a target inorganic material, querying structural data and thermodynamic data for the target inorganic material, enumerating possible synthetic reactions to construct a synthetic reaction database with a viable subset of the possible synthetic methods. The routine generates a nucleation metric and competition metric that are combined to provide recommended synthetic methods. The output for each of the recommended syntheses are input into a robotic synthesis machine where the delivery of reactants, reaction conditions, and analysis of extent of reaction, and product quality is controlled by a processor.

A method and an apparatus for detailed continuous monitoring of the thermal environment for a tube or a plurality of tubes and calculation and prediction of remaining lifetime of said tubes.

An oxidation-reduction desulfurization system includes a reactor vessel with sour gas inlet at the bottom and a gas outlet at the top. A primary stage phase separator includes a vertically-oriented pipe with an inlet located inside the reactor vessel. The ratio of the reactor vessel diameter to the pipe inlet diameter is in a range of 2:1 to 5:1. Surface foam and non-gaseous multi-phase mixture including emulsion flow into a partially gas-filled upper section of the vertically-oriented pipe and freefall to a lower level, thereby facilitating mechanical breaking of the foam and the emulsion. A secondary stage phase separator connected to the gas outlet separates non-gaseous surge from sweet gas. Valves and a controller automatically maintain target levels of the non-gaseous multi-phase mixture and non-gaseous surge.

Methods of controlling olefin polymerization reactor systems may include a) selecting n input variables, each input variable corresponding to a process condition for an olefin polymerization process; b) identifying m response variables corresponding to a measurable polymer property; c) adjusting one of more of the n input variables using the olefin polymerization reactor system and measuring each of the m response variables as a function of the input variables for olefin polymers; d) analyzing the change in each of the response variables as a function of the input variables to determine coefficients; e) calculating a Response Surface Model (RSM) for each response variable determined in step d); f) applying n selected input variables to the calculated RSM to predict one or more of m target response variables; and g) using the n selected input variables to operate the olefin polymerization reactor system and provide a polyolefin product.

A process provides for minimizing an amount of fuel gas utilized in an absorber off-gas incinerator and better control of emissions. The process provides for less temperature deviations in the absorber off-gas incinerator firebox and for less deviation in an amount of oxygen in the absorber off-gas incinerator stack gas.

An oxidation-reduction desulfurization system includes a reactor vessel with sour gas inlet at the bottom and a gas outlet at the top. A primary stage phase separator includes a vertically-oriented pipe with an inlet located inside the reactor vessel. The ratio of the reactor vessel diameter to the pipe inlet diameter is in a range of 2:1 to 5:1. Surface foam and non-gaseous multi-phase mixture including emulsion flow into a partially gas-filled upper section of the vertically-oriented pipe and freefall to a lower level, thereby facilitating mechanical breaking of the foam and the emulsion. A secondary stage phase separator connected to the gas outlet separates non-gaseous surge from sweet gas. Valves and a controller automatically maintain target levels of the non-gaseous multi-phase mixture and non-gaseous surge.