Control methods are disclosed for continuous, unmodulated, multiple catalytic conversion step processes using at least two catalysts, a first catalyst and a second catalyst, that accommodate changes in the performance of each catalyst and the relative performances of the catalysts. In the methods, certain process parameters are used in a manner that is indicative of changes in catalyst performance, and the control methods provide for adjustment of at least one of: the absolute amount of catalytically active species and relative amounts of each of the first catalyst and second catalyst and at least one of the rate of feed or concentration of the raw material to the reaction zone.

A chemical reaction hazard analysis method is disclosed. Safety data and preventive measures of a chemical reaction are obtained through analysis of material stability, reaction process hazards and reaction runaway. The method can shorten a distance from laboratory to industrialization and realize an organic combination and application of technology, safety and engineer. The data obtain by the method can provide underlying basic data for process design, engineer amplification and the like, and lay a foundation for realizing process safety, improving quality and increasing efficiency.

Assemblies and methods to enhance control of a fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) processing assembly associated with a refining operation, may include supplying a hydrocarbon feedstock to one or more first processing units associated with the refining operation. The assemblies and methods also may include conditioning a hydrocarbon feedstock and unit material samples, and analyzing the samples via one or more spectroscopic analyzers. The assemblies and methods further may include prescriptively controlling, via one or more FCC process controllers based at least in part on the hydrocarbon feedstock properties and the unit material properties, the FCC processing assembly, so that the prescriptively controlling results in enhancing accuracy of target content of materials produced by the FCC processing assembly, thereby to more responsively control the FCC processing assembly to achieve material outputs that more accurately and responsively converge on target properties.

Assemblies and methods to enhance control of a fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) processing assembly associated with a refining operation, may include supplying a hydrocarbon feedstock to one or more first processing units associated with the refining operation. The assemblies and methods also may include conditioning a hydrocarbon feedstock and unit material samples, and analyzing the samples via one or more spectroscopic analyzers. The assemblies and methods further may include prescriptively controlling, via one or more FCC process controllers based at least in part on the hydrocarbon feedstock properties and the unit material properties, the FCC processing assembly, so that the prescriptively controlling results in enhancing accuracy of target content of materials produced by the FCC processing assembly, thereby to more responsively control the FCC processing assembly to achieve material outputs that more accurately and responsively converge on target properties.

Provided is a fuel-reforming device comprising: an ammonia tank (4); a reformer (5) for reforming ammonia and generating high-concentration hydrogen gas having a hydrogen content of at least 99%; a mixing tank (7) for mixing ammonia and hydrogen for temporary storage; and a control means (10) for controlling the respective supply amounts of ammonia and high-concentration hydrogen gas that are supplied to the mixing tank (7). The control means (10) calculates the combustion rate coefficient C of mixed gas with respect to a reference fuel on the basis of equation (1). Equation (1): S.sub.0=S.sub.H?C+S.sub.A?(1?C). In equation (1), S.sub.0 is the combustion rate of the reference fuel, S.sub.H is the combustion rate of hydrogen, S.sub.A is the combustion rate of ammonia, and C is the combustion rate coefficient of mixed gas. In addition, on the basis of equation (2), the control means (10) determines the volume fractions of ammonia and hydrogen that are supplied to the mixing tank. Equation (2): C=1?exp(?A?M.sub.B). In equation (2), M is the volume fraction of hydrogen in mixed gas, and A and B are constants.

A method of simultaneously modifying degradation rates of at least two compounds including a first compound having a first unmodified degradation rate constant k.sub.1 and a second compound having a second unmodified degradation rate k.sub.2 is provided. The method includes combining a first composition including the first compound with a second composition including the second compound, degrading the first compound and forming a first degradation product; and degrading the second compound and forming a second degradation product. The second degradation product modifies the first unmodified degradation rate constant k.sub.1 of the first compound to a first modified degradation rate k.sub.1 and the first degradation product modifies the second unmodified degradation rate k.sub.2 of the second compound to a second modified degradation rate k.sub.2. Compositions resulting from the method are also provided.

A process provides for minimizing an amount of fuel gas utilized in an absorber off-gas incinerator and better control of emissions. The process provides for less temperature deviations in the absorber off-gas incinerator firebox and for less deviation in an amount of oxygen in the absorber off-gas incinerator stack gas.

The presently disclosed subject matter relates to a method and system of providing customized bioprocessing conditions for a variety of feedstock materials. Particularly, it has been surprisingly found that there is a correlation between the weight percent of lignin, cellulose, and/or hemicellulose and various reaction conditions. The weight percent lignin, cellulose, and hemicellulose are used to calculate indexes used to create a process index for sorting the feedstock into categories. A process adjustment factor can also be calculated and used to adjust the reaction conditions for each feedstock material.

A method for controlling lingerature of a chemical reaction. Changes in mass of a chemical reaction are monitored and are used to calculate a lingerature of the system. The reaction can be maintained at a desired lingerature (?) by selective addition or removal of heat or by adjusting the surface area the reactants are exposed to during the reaction. The disclosed method is useful for reactions that occur at non-equilibrium conditions where any measured lingerature would presume steady-state conditions.

Devices and methods for controlling the properties of chemical species during time-dependent processes. A device includes a reactor for containing one or more chemical species of a time-dependent process, an extraction pump for automatically and continuously extracting an amount of the one or more chemical species from the reactor, one or more detectors for measuring property changes of the one or more extracted chemical species and generating a continuous stream of data related to the one or more property changes to the one or more chemical species during a time interval, and a process controller configured to fit the continuous stream of data to a mathematical function to predict one or more properties of the one or more chemical species at a future time point and make one or more process decisions based on the prediction of one or more properties at the future time point.