Technologies are presented for reducing corrosion M supercritical water gasification through seeded sacrificial metal particles. The metal panicles may be seeded into one or more material input streams through high pressure injection. Once distributed in the SCWG reactor, the metal particles may corrode preferentially to the metal SCWG reactor walls and convert into metal oxides that precipitate out above the supercritical point of water. The precipitated metal oxides may then be collected downstream of the SCWG reactor to be reprocessed back into seed metal at a smelter. The seeded metal particles may complete a process material cycle with limited net additional waste.

Provided herein are processes for carrying out a chemical reaction of a substrate in a diluted reaction mixture. The processes include conducting the reaction mixture having reaction product and solvent to a filtration membrane which is permeable to the solvent but impermeable to the reaction product. Solvent which permeates the filtration membrane for dilution of the substrate feed is recycled.

A plant or refinery may include equipment such as reactors, heaters, heat exchangers, regenerators, separators, or the like. Types of heat exchangers include shell and tube, plate, plate and shell, plate fin, air cooled, wetted-surface air cooled, or the like. Operating methods may impact deterioration in equipment condition, prolong equipment life, extend production operating time, or provide other benefits. Mechanical or digital sensors may be used for monitoring equipment, and sensor data may be programmatically analyzed to identify developing problems. For example, sensors may be used in conjunction with one or more system components to detect and correct maldistribution, cross-leakage, strain, pre-leakage, thermal stresses, fouling, vibration, problems in liquid lifting, conditions that can affect air-cooled exchangers, conditions that can affect a wetted-surface air-cooled heat exchanger, or the like. An operating condition or mode may be adjusted to prolong equipment life or avoid equipment failure.

A process and equipment assembly for reacting a substituent precursor with a cyclodextrin starting material to provide a raw product comprising a cyclodextrin derivative and 1% or less of an initial amount of the substituent precursor is provided. The process of the present invention provides cyclodextrin derivatives in substantially shorter time and with fewer side products than previous processes that utilize substantially the same starting materials.

An installation for the conversion of uranium hexafluoride (UF.sub.6) to uranium dioxide (UO.sub.2) comprises a hydrolysis reactor (4) for the conversion of UF.sub.6 into uranium oxyfluoride powder (UO.sub.2F.sub.2), a pyrohydrolysis furnace (6) for converting the UO.sub.2F.sub.2 powder supplied by the reactor (4) into UO.sub.2 powder, a supply device (8) comprising reagent injection ducts (10) for the injection of UF.sub.6, water vapor or H.sub.2, and a control system (16) designed to control the supply device (8) so as to supply at least one of the reagent injection ducts (10) with a neutral gas during a shut-down or start-up phase of the conversion installation.

Methods and systems for producing vinyl acetate may use flammability limit (FL) formulas with improved efficiencies at more than one location in the vinyl acetate production process. Herein, FLs can be used at one or more of four portions of the vinyl acetate production process: the reactor, the process-to-process heat exchangers, the carbon dioxide removal system, and the ethylene recovery system. Such FLs are functions of operating conditions and include at least one interaction term that represents the interrelation of two or more of the operating conditions (e.g., temperature, pressure, and component concentration) on the FL.

The present invention provides a multistage single reactor system for hydroprocessing and a process of carrying out multistage hydroprocessing in the said reactor assembly consisting of, a fixed bed solid catalyst system, a feed injection system enabling axial flow of hydrogen saturated hydrocarbon feed, a hydrogen dispensing system inside the reactor enabling minimum required hydrogen flow in cross-flow pattern, also using multitudes of integrated separation and withdrawal limbs for continuous staging. The innovative reactor disclosed in the present invention enables continuous separation and withdrawal of gaseous products along the reactor length by means of combined horizontal reactor orientation and vertical separation limbs provided at the top of the horizontally oriented reactor. The advantage of the reactor assembly includes effective heat sink of exothermic reactions and lower severity of operation due to removal of inhibitory gaseous products.

An apparatus to simulate biocide performance in crude oil pipeline conditions is disclosed. The apparatus includes: a reactor to simulate a two-phase crude oil pipeline which includes a crude oil phase above a water phase. The reactor has an agitator to control a flow of the water phase in the reactor in response to a motor that drives an agitation rate of the agitator. A crude oil inlet supplies crude oil to the reactor for the crude oil phase. A water inlet supplies water to the reactor for the water phase. A control circuit is configured by code to control a proportion of the water to the crude oil supplied to the reactor and to control the motor to drive a desired agitation rate of the agitator. A biocide inlet supplies biocide to the reactor. A water sample outlet enables sampling of the water phase of the reactor.

Methods and systems for producing vinyl acetate may use flammability limit (FL) formulas with improved efficiencies at more than one location in the vinyl acetate production process. Herein, FLs can be used at one or more of four portions of the vinyl acetate production process: the reactor, the process-to-process heat exchangers, the carbon dioxide removal system, and the ethylene recovery system. Such FLs are functions of operating conditions and include at least one interaction term that represents the interrelation of two or more of the operating conditions (e.g., temperature, pressure, and component concentration) on the FL.

A catalyst carrier for insertion into a reactor tube of a tubular reactor that comprises a container containing particles of catalyst. The container further contains a compacting element for reducing fluidisation of the particles of catalyst.