The invention provides an improved system for separation technology intended to reduce unwanted catalyst/thermal reactions by minimizing contact of the hydrocarbons and the catalyst within the reactor.

In the thermochemical water splitting process by the CuCl cycle, oxygen gas is produced by a thermolysis process in a three-phase reactor. A precise knowledge of the hydrodynamic and heat transfer analyses is required for the scale-up of the thermolysis reactor. However, in the experimental studies of the scale up analysis, there are some challenges in using the actual materials of the thermolysis reactor products (i.e. molten salt CuCl and oxygen gas). In accordance with the teachings herein, alternative materials are defined, by using dimensional analyses, to simulate the hydrodynamic and heat transfer behaviors of the actual materials. It has been found that these alternative materials are liquid water at 222 C. and helium gas at 902 C. The alternative materials provide safe environment for the experimental runs as well as lower operating temperature. Furthermore, these alternative materials are more readily available and are low cost.

The present application relates to a system and a method for producing vinyl chloride. The system comprise a preheat unit, a gas-liquid separating unit, a heat-recovery unit, a heating unit and a thermal pyrolysis unit, and therefore heat energy of the thermal pyrolysis product can be efficiently recovered. Energy cost of the system can be efficiently lowered with the heat-recovery unit and the heating unit, and further prolonging operating cycle of the system.

A continuous falling film reactor includes a reactor body including chambers for a reaction between first and second reagents. The chambers have a respective inner surface, for the sliding of the first reagent in the form of a thin film, or layer, a device for introducing the first reagent, in particular in the liquid phase, especially in the form of an organic raw material, into the respective chamber and a device for inputting the second reagent, in particular in the gaseous phase, especially in the form of sulphuric anhydride, in the respective one of the chambers. A head introduces the first reagent, in the respective chamber, which headincludes a corresponding nozzle so calibrated to cause a predetermined load loss of said first reagent.

A process and apparatus for the continuous conversion of isotropic carbonaceous materials into anisotropic mesophase pitch is disclosed. The invention disclosed herein addresses the need for lower production costs compared with traditional batch mesophase conversion of isotropic pitch. A unique thermal processing and in-process separation of reacted mesophase from the continuous matrix of fresh or partially reacted isotropic pitch is provided. Potential uses are for further continuous processing into carbon fibers or carbon form densification.

Devices and methods for safely using acid/chlorite ClO.sub.2 generator chemistry for water treatment, whereby a valve prevents chemical draw unless there is both vacuum within the reaction chamber as well as suitable water volume in the flow chamber for dilution, are described. The float-dependent valve can also allow for direct venting from the reaction chamber to the flow chamber in the event of elevated pressure in the reaction chamber. This approach delivers an inherently safer ClO.sub.2 generator design for systems that utilize high strength reactor zones with ClO.sub.2 concentration above 3,000 ppm.

An integrated reactor system for performing an ionic liquid-catalyzed hydrocarbon conversion is provided. The integrated reactor system provides intimate and rapid mixing between hydrocarbon reactants and ionic liquid catalysts while simultaneously removing reaction heat with a heat exchanger that is internal to the hydrocarbon conversion reactor.

The invention relates to an apparatus (1) for producing pseudoionone and hydroxy pseudoionone. It suggests an apparatus (1) comprising first and second substantially vertically oriented reactor chambers oriented such that components flow through the first and second reactor chambers in different directions, wherein the first reactor chamber (13) is configured to receive a first component feed (C1) containing a first aqueous mixture through an inlet (15), and to produce a second aqueous mixture, and wherein the apparatus (1) comprises a mixing device (17) positioned downstream of the first component feed inlet (15) and configured to add a second component feed (C2) to the first component feed (C1) when the second aqueous mixture has formed, and the second reactor chamber (23) is configured to receive the first and second component feeds unified in the mixing device (17) from the first reactor chamber (13) and to produce a third aqueous mixture from the first and second aqueous mixtures. The invention further suggests a method and a use for producing pseudoionone and hydroxy pseudoionone.

A mixer and a reactor including the same are provided. According to one aspect of the present invention, the mixer includes a first piping part into which a first fluid flows, an elbow piping part having an inlet connected to the first piping part and an outlet provided at a location rotated by a predetermined angle from the inlet in a flow direction of the first fluid to have a curved flow path, and a second piping part connected to the elbow piping part to have a central axis perpendicular to a central axis of the first piping part so that a second fluid flows in a tangential direction of the elbow piping part when the second fluid flows into the elbow piping part.

A liquid treatment apparatus (10) for processing a liquid includes an inlet nozzle (12) having an orifice (16) for directing a flow of liquid through the orifice (16) to define a fluid jet, and a concial diffuser (18) including a tip (20), a base portion (22), and a curved surface (26) therebetween. The conical diffuser (18) is generally aligned with the orifice (16) such that the fluid jet impacts upon the tip (20) of the conical diffuser (18). Moreover, the curvature of the curved surface (26) is selected to maintain a substantially constant Froude number of the liquid along the conical diffuser (18).