Disclosed herein are systems and processes for the conversion of a methane feedstock to C.sub.2+ hydrocarbons.

A Fluid Catalytic Cracking process converts heavy crude oil fractions into lighter hydrocarbon products at high temperature and moderate pressure in the presence of a catalyst. During this process, catalyst particles stay entrained in the descending gas stream. An inlet scroll on the cyclone may be used to keep the inlet gas stream and the entrained particles away from the entrance to the gas outlet tube. Refractory material may applied to the interior of the wall of the cyclone to form an abrasion resistant lining to insulate the walls of the cyclone from the gas flow contents. The inlet feed velocity may be used as a predictive factor to determine a wear rate of the cyclones. Thus, lining erosion can be predicted so that the lining can be repaired or replaced during a planned turnaround.

Methods for making acrylic acid, acrylic acid derivatives, or mixtures thereof by contacting a stream containing hydroxypropionic acid, hydroxypropionic acid derivatives, or mixtures thereof with either an active catalyst containing an amorphous and partially-dehydrated phosphate salt or a precursor catalyst containing a crystalline phosphate salt in a reactor with a low corrosion rate are provided.

A method for manufacturing a ferromagnetic-particle includes preparing a manufacturing apparatus including a single mode cavity that resonates with a microwave of a predetermined wavelength; a microwave oscillator electrically connected to the single mode cavity and configured to introduce the microwave of a predetermined wavelength into the single mode cavity; a pipe disposed to pass linearly through an inside of the single mode cavity, the pipe being formed of a dielectric material; and a pump configured to introduce, from one end of the pipe, an alkaline reaction liquid in which metal ions of a ferromagnetic metal and hydroxide ions are dissolved; and reacting the reaction liquid in the pipe, introduced by the pump, by introducing the microwave into the single mode cavity so as to generate the ferromagnetic-particle in the pipe.

A method for manufacturing a ferromagnetic-particle includes preparing a manufacturing apparatus including an induction heating coil; a radiofrequency power source electrically connected to the induction heating coil and configured to form an alternating field inside the induction heating coil; a pipe disposed to pass through the induction heating coil, in which at least a partial area of the pipe in an axial direction thereof is formed of a dielectric material and an area, which is nearer to one end of the pipe than the area formed of a dielectric material, is formed of a conductive material; and a pump configured to introduce, from the one end of the pipe, an alkaline reaction liquid in which metal ions of a ferromagnetic metal and hydroxide ions are dissolved; reacting the reaction liquid in the pipe, introduced by the pump, by forming an alternating field inside the induction heating coil; and generating the ferromagnetic-particle in the pipe based on the reaction of the reaction liquid in the pipe.

The lifetime of a fluidized bed reactor containing silicon particles, for the production of chlorosilanes is greatly extended by armoring at least a portion of the reactor shell interior wall with expanded metal coated with a cement containing ceramic particles.

A Fluid Catalytic Cracking process converts heavy crude oil fractions into lighter hydrocarbon products at high temperature and moderate pressure in the presence of a catalyst. During this process, catalyst particles stay entrained in the descending gas stream. An inlet scroll on the cyclone may be used to keep the inlet gas stream and the entrained particles away from the entrance to the gas outlet tube. Refractory material may applied to the interior of the wall of the cyclone to form an abrasion resistant lining to insulate the walls of the cyclone from the gas flow contents. The inlet feed velocity may be used as a predictive factor to determine a wear rate of the cyclones. Thus, lining erosion can be predicted so that the lining can be repaired or replaced during a planned turnaround.

Methods for making acrylic acid, acrylic acid derivatives, or mixtures thereof by contacting a stream containing hydroxypropionic acid, hydroxypropionic acid derivatives, or mixtures thereof with either an active catalyst containing an amorphous and partially-dehydrated phosphate salt or a precursor catalyst containing a crystalline phosphate salt in a reactor with a low corrosion rate are provided.

Methane may be dissociated at low temperatures and/or pressures utilizing a reactor designed to generate shockwaves in a supersonic gaseous vortex. Within a preprocessing chamber, the methane may be pressurized to a pressure of 700 kPa or more, and heated to a temperature below a dissociation temperature of methane. The methane may be introduced as a gas stream substantially tangentially to an inner surface of a chamber of the reactor to effectuate a gaseous vortex rotating about a longitudinal axis within the chamber. The gas stream may be introduced using a nozzle that accelerates the gas stream to a supersonic velocity. A frequency of shockwaves emitted from the nozzle into the gaseous vortex may be controlled. Product gas and carbon byproduct may be emitted from the chamber of the reactor. The carbon byproduct may be separated out from the product gas using a gas/solid separator.

Methods for making acrylic acid, acrylic acid derivatives, or mixtures thereof by contacting a stream containing hydroxypropionic acid, hydroxypropionic acid derivatives, or mixtures thereof with either an active catalyst containing an amorphous and partially-dehydrated phosphate salt or a precursor catalyst containing a crystalline phosphate salt in a reactor with a low corrosion rate are provided.