Methods, systems, and apparatuses for producing one or more of trioxygen, hydrogen and its ions, oxygen and its ions, hydrons, hydroperoxyls, and electronically modified oxygen derivatives from oxidizing agents that are exposed to photon emissions at a wavelength in a range of 0.01 nm to 845 nm, wherein wavelengths that photo-dissociate trioxygen may be excluded. The methods, systems and apparatuses enhance the effectiveness of photo-oxidation, photocatalytic, and/or photochemical combined with photocatalytic reactions.

In order to provide a treatment apparatus that can efficiently perform microwave irradiation, a treatment apparatus includes: a vessel made of a microwave-reflecting material, and having a first end and an irradiation opening portion, which is an emitting portion of microwaves that are emitted into the vessel; a first filter located so as to partition the vessel, and configured to separate solids that are to be separated, from the contents of the vessel; and a first reflecting member located closer to the first end than the emitting portion is and so as to partition the vessel, and configured to allow at least the contents having passed through the first filter to pass through the first reflecting member, and to reflect microwaves.

Methods, systems, and apparatuses for producing one or more of trioxygen, hydrogen and its ions, oxygen and its ions, hydrons, hydroperoxyls, and electronically modified oxygen derivatives from oxidizing agents that are exposed to photon emissions at a wavelength in a range of 0.01 nm to 845 nm, wherein wavelengths that photo-dissociate trioxygen may be excluded. The methods, systems and apparatuses enhance the effectiveness of photo-oxidation, photocatalytic, and/or photochemical combined with photocatalytic reactions.

A device for obtaining and applying a disinfectant agent and method of use are provided. The device includes a pre-processing cascade unit that activates (ionizes) air, with the activated air being supplied by an air pump to an inlet of a sprayer, where the activated air mixes with an initial working fluid (distilled water) to form an activated air-working fluid aerosol mixture that is sprayed by the sprayer into a reactor of cone-shaped volumetric cold plasma that includes divergent discharge electrodes. The device further includes a unit for generating high-voltage pulses of a nanosecond duration that is connected to the discharge electrodes and that causes the electrodes to generate electrical discharges. Upon the mixture coming into contact with the electrical discharges, potent disinfectant agents (such as peroxynitrite and one or more peroxynitrite's precursors or derivatives) are synthesized and expelled from the device.

A device and a process for producing undecylenic acid methyl ester using methyl ricinoleate as raw material are provided. The device comprises a feed pump, a raw material pre-heater, a microwave catalytic reactor, a microwave generator, a temperature controller and an infrared sensor, a condenser, a product tank and a discharge pump. The feed pump is connected with the raw material pre-heater, which is connected with the inlet of the microwave catalytic reactor. The outlet of the microwave catalytic reactor is connected with the condenser, which is connected to the product tank and the discharge pump. The microwave catalytic reactor is located in the microwave generator, which is connected with the temperature controller and the infrared sensor. The process is as follows: high-purity methyl ricinoleate, used as the raw material, is converted to methyl undecene and heptaldehyde by microwave-assisted pyrolysis process, followed by isolation and purification to produce methyl undecene.

Aspects of the present disclosure involve a power supply circuit for powering a plasma reactor and more specifically initiating and maintain a plasma therein, and that can operate with power from an intermittent power source. The power supply may include an auxiliary-power supply or trigger circuit, in addition to a primary-power supply circuit, which can reduce the need for high-voltage equipment in the high-power section of the power supply. In one particular use, the power supply includes a high-voltage power output that may be used for generating a plasma between electrodes, for example, in a nitrogen-fixation plasma system. The power supply circuit may provide the flexibility to power a plasma reactor using an intermittent power source, such as solar, wind, and/or a periodic low-cost power grid, while reducing wasteful power conditioning, lowering the cost of operation, and increasing the efficiency of chemical production from the renewable energy.

Provided is a photochemical reaction device wherein two partitions formed from an optically transparent material are arranged apart from each other between a light source and a reaction liquid, and an optically transparent fluid introduction/discharge means for introducing an optically transparent fluid between the partitions and discharging the fluid and a state change detection means for detecting a change in the state of the optically transparent fluid at the discharge side of the optically transparent fluid introduction/discharge means are provided. Also provided are a photochemical reaction method that uses the photochemical reaction device and a lactam production method that uses the photochemical reaction method. The present invention prevents decreases in the performance of the light source even when the optically transparent material in the photochemical reaction device is damaged, and makes it possible to reliably prevent ignition even if the reaction liquid is a flammable liquid.

A control system of a full-automatic cold plasma seed processor comprises a human-machine interaction interface, a PLC, a transport module, a vacuum degree module, an ionization module, and an energy supply module. The human-machine interaction interface is in a communications connection with the PLC by using a serial port. The energy supply module supplies a power source required by another module in a system. The PLC controls a transport rate of seeds by using the transport module, controls, by using the vacuum degree module, the vacuum degree of the system to reach a dynamic balance, and at last, controls the ionization time and the ionization power by using the ionization module, so as to adapt to processing requirements of different seeds and achieve an optimal processing effect. The control system can automatically process seeds of various grains, and brings short processing time and low cost.

A reaction furnace for producing a polycrystalline silicon according to the present invention is designed so as to have an in-furnace reaction space in which a reaction space cross-sectional area ratio (S=[S.sub.0−S.sub.R]/S.sub.R) satisfies 2.5 or more, which is defined by an inner cross-sectional area (So) of a reaction furnace, which is perpendicular to a straight body portion of the reaction furnace, and a total sum (S.sub.R) of cross-sectional areas of polycrystalline silicon rods that are grown by precipitation of polycrystalline silicon, in a case where a diameter of the polycrystalline silicon rod is 140 mm or more. Such a reaction furnace has a sufficient in-furnace reaction space even when the diameter of the polycrystalline silicon rod has been expanded, and accordingly an appropriate circulation of a gas in the reaction furnace is kept.

An electromagnetic resonance apparatus for molecular, atomic, and chemical modification of water is provided. The apparatus includes a water container, a resonance induction cell tower, an electronic control unit, a 12-volt power source, a DC to AC power inverter, and a pressure vessel for storing produced hydrogen gas. An electronic control unit is used to provide vibrational energy to the cell tower to facilitate water decomposition.