This disclosure describes systems and methods for synthesizing UCl.sub.3 from UCl.sub.4. These systems and methods may also be used to directly synthesize binary and ternary embodiments of uranium salts of chloride usable as nuclear fuel in certain molten salt reactor designs. The systems and methods described herein are capable of synthesizing any desired uranium chloride fuel salt that is a combination of UCl.sub.4, UCl.sub.3 and one or more non-fissile chloride compounds, such as NaCl. In particular, the systems and methods described herein are capable of synthesizing any UCl.sub.3UCl.sub.4NaCl or UCl.sub.3NaCl fuel salt composition from UCl.sub.4NaCl.

A reaction furnace for producing a polycrystalline silicon according to the present invention is designed so as to have an in-furnace reaction space in which a reaction space cross-sectional area ratio (S=[S.sub.OS.sub.R]/S.sub.R) satisfies 2.5 or more, which is defined by an inner cross-sectional area (So) of a reaction furnace, which is perpendicular to a straight body portion of the reaction furnace, and a total sum (S.sub.R) of cross-sectional areas of polycrystalline silicon rods that are grown by precipitation of polycrystalline silicon, in a case where a diameter of the polycrystalline silicon rod is 140 mm or more. Such a reaction furnace has a sufficient in-furnace reaction space even when the diameter of the polycrystalline silicon rod has been expanded, and accordingly an appropriate circulation of a gas in the reaction furnace is kept.

The array induced electric field fluid reaction system includes a reaction unit array with a plurality of reaction units interactively connected as a network configuration, a power supply and a sample container, wherein each reaction unit has a closed iron core, a primary coil and a secondary coil. The primary coil and secondary coil are, respectively, wound around two sides of the closed iron core, and the secondary coil has an insulation pipe for circulating the reaction medium. When the array induced electric field fluid reaction system operates, no charged needle-type electrodes or electrode plates are inserted into the reaction medium. Electrochemical reaction and metal contamination may be avoided. The reaction units can form an array network connection and series/parallel connection, and when the induced electric field in each reaction unit is acted on the reaction medium, specific reaction effects may be achieved.

The present disclosure relates to a method and an apparatus for manufacturing a core-shell catalyst, and more particularly, to a method and an apparatus for manufacturing a core-shell catalyst, in which a particle in the form of a core-shell in which the metal nanoparticle is coated with platinum is manufactured by substituting copper and platinum through a method of manufacturing a metal nanoparticle by emitting a laser beam to a metal ingot, and providing a particular electric potential value, and as a result, it is possible to continuously produce nanoscale uniform core-shell catalysts in large quantities.

Inter-allotropic transformations of carbon are provided using moderate conditions including alternating voltage pulses and modest temperature elevation. By controlling the pulse magnitude, small-diameter single-walled carbon nanotubes are transformed into larger-diameter single-walled carbon nanotubes, multi-walled carbon nanotubes of different morphologies, and multi-layered graphene nanoribbons.

A method of cooling a liner in a plasma chamber. A recycle gas is contacted with or passed through the liner to cool the liner and pre-heat the recycle gas. The pre-heated gas is then recycled through the plasma chamber to become part of the plasma forming process. The method further comprises the liner is graphite, the recycle gas passes through at least one cooling channel present in the liner, at least one of the cooling channels are covered with at least one removable liner/channel cover, carbon deposits are formed from the presence of hydrocarbons in the recycle gas, at least one channel is formed in a spiral cooling channel pattern, at least one channel is formed in a substantially straight cooling channel pattern, and a plenum to aid in the production of an even distribution of cooling gas in the channels.

Synthetic materials that are useful as heterogeneous catalysts or electrocatalysts. The materials can be used to catalyze oxidation and/or reduction reactions and/or oxygen/hydrogen evolution/oxydation reactions.

A method for making carbon fiber film includes growing a carbon nanotube array on a surface of a growth substrate. A carbon nanotube film is pulled out from the carbon nanotube array, and pass through a reaction room. A negative voltage is applied to the carbon nanotube film. A carrier gas and a carbon source gas are supplied to the reaction room to form graphite sheets on the carbon nanotube film.

This disclosure describes systems and methods for synthesizing UCl.sub.3 from UCl.sub.4. These systems and methods may also be used to directly synthesize binary and ternary embodiments of uranium salts of chloride usable as nuclear fuel in certain molten salt reactor designs. The systems and methods described herein are capable of synthesizing any desired uranium chloride fuel salt that is a combination of UCl.sub.4, UCl.sub.3 and one or more non-fissile chloride compounds, such as NaCl. In particular, the systems and methods described herein are capable of synthesizing any UCl.sub.3UCl.sub.4NaCl or UCl.sub.3NaCl fuel salt composition from UCl.sub.4NaCl.

The present disclosure relates to a method and an apparatus for manufacturing a core-shell catalyst, and more particularly, to a method and an apparatus for manufacturing a core-shell catalyst, in which a particle in the form of a core-shell in which the metal nanoparticle is coated with platinum is manufactured by substituting copper and platinum through a method of manufacturing a metal nanoparticle by emitting a laser beam to a metal ingot, and providing a particular electric potential value, and as a result, it is possible to continuously produce nanoscale uniform core-shell catalysts in large quantities.