High quality carbon nanochains or carbon nanotubes are produced by methods that include mixing a carbon-containing feedstock with a catalyst to form a feedstock/catalyst mixture, or coating a catalyst with a carbon-containing feedstock, and subjecting the feedstock/catalyst mixture or feedstock-coated catalyst to irradiation with a laser to convert the feedstock into carbon nanochains or carbon nanotubes in the presence of the catalyst. In some instances, the feedstock is converted to a char by pyrolysis and the char is instead subjected to laser irradiation. The carbon-containing feedstock can be a biomass or a carbonaceous material. In some instances, the catalyst is a metal salt, preferably a transition metal salt. In some instances, the catalyst is an elemental metal, an alloy, or a combination thereof.

An energy carrier system is provided that produces ammonia with high efficiency and that further produces hydrogen as final product and uses the hydrogen as energy. An energy storage transportation method is further provided that is carried out by using energy carrier system. The energy carrier system includes nitric acid production device, an ammonia production device, and hydrogen production device. The nitric acid production device includes a photo-reactor, a gas supply unit that supplies photo-reactor with gas to be treated containing a nitrogen oxide, water, and oxygen, and light source disposed in the photo-reactor. The light source radiates light including ultraviolet of a wavelength shorter than 175 nm. The energy storage transportation method includes nitric acid production step of producing nitric acid from a nitrogen oxide, ammonia production step of producing ammonia through reduction of nitric acid, and hydrogen production step of producing hydrogen through decomposition of the ammonia.

A substance is treated using a device having: (a) a volute or cyclone head, (b) a throat connected to the volute or cyclone head, (c) a parabolic reflector connected to the throat, (d) a first wave energy source comprising a first electrode within the volute or cyclone head that extends through the outlet into the opening of the throat along the central axis, and a second electrode extending into the parabolic reflector and spaced apart and axially aligned with first electrode, and (e) a second wave energy source disposed inside the throat, embedded within the throat or disposed around the throat. The substance is directed to the inlet of the volute or cyclone head and irradiated with one or more wave energies produced by the first and second wave energy sources as the substance passes through the device.

Band-pass filters for guiding or controlling crystal polymorphism in oil are provided. Band-pass filters convert a passive energy source to a spectral energy pattern tuned to be resonant with different types of molecular oscillations pertinent to oil. Tuned energy patterns convert problematic insoluble crystals to more thermodynamically stable and soluble crystals. Methods include use of the band-pass filter in crude oil recovery and design of band-pass filter parameters for optimal use on a particular oil recovery facility. Band-pass filters also lower the interfacial tension of oil when present with water, which are also provided, as are methods for enhanced recovery of oil from depleted oil fields.

Systems and methods are provided for sending serialized data for an interactive message comprising a first session data item to a second computing device to render the interactive message using the first session data item and display the rendered interactive message comprising a first media content item associated with a first interactive object and receiving, from the second computing device, a second media content item associated with a second interactive object of the interactive message. The systems and methods further provided for generating a second session data item for the second interactive object of the interactive message, adding the second session data item to the serialized data, and sending the serialized data to a third computing device to render the interactive message using the serialized data and display the rendered interactive message comprising the first media content item and the second media content item.

Systems and methods are provided for receiving a first media content item associated with a first interactive object of an interactive message, receiving a second media content item associated with a second interactive object of the interactive message, generating a third media content item based on the first media content item and second media content item, wherein the third media content item comprises combined features of the first media content item and the second media content item, and causing display of the generated third media content item.

According to the present invention, there can be provided a process for producing 7-dehydrocholesterol (7DHC), comprising culturing, in a medium, a 7DHC-producing Labyrinthulea microorganism in which sterol 24-C-methyltransferase activity is reduced or lost as compared to a parent strain, allowing 7DHC to be produced and accumulated in the culture, and collecting the 7DHC from the culture; and a process for producing vitamin D3, comprising irradiating, with ultraviolet light, 7-dehydrocholesterol produced by the production process.

A system and method for the electromagnetic energization of packed content, in which the system includes at least one container filled with at least one fluid, at least one energization element, at least one grounding element, at least one containment element, one or more alignment elements, one or more contact elements, at least one grounding connection element, at least one grounding element, and optionally at least one movement element. Additionally, a corresponding apparatus is provided.

An apparatus, system, and methods for polarizing nuclei of a noble gas are disclosed. The disclosed system may include a polarization apparatus configured to polarize a noble gas mixture including xenon-129. The disclosed system also may include separate volumes for (1) saturating the polarizable noble gas mixture with alkali metal vapor, (2) desaturating said noble gas mixture from its alkali metal vapor after polarization is completed, (3) intermediate storage of the resultant polarized noble gas mixture, and (4) transfer of said polarized noble gas mixture to a storage vessel (e.g., a delivery bag). The disclosed system further may include separate reservoirs for (1) the noble gas(es) to be polarized, (2) lightweight gas(es) to displace the noble gas(es), and (3) a heavy inert gas (e.g., such as natural xenon) to push the polarized noble gas(es) into a storage vessel.

The present invention relates to a process for ion irradiation of a particulate substrate containing the steps of embedding particulate substrate in a solid matrix having 10B atoms, and exposing the matrix obtained in the previous step to a neutron flux to give irradiated particulate substrate. The process is extremely effective and amenable to large scale and is particularly suitable for producing irradiated nanodiamonds and irradiated SiC particles.