Materials such as biomass (e.g., plant biomass, animal biomass, and municipal waste biomass) and hydrocarbon-containing materials are processed to produce useful products, such as fuels. For example, systems are described that can use feedstock materials, such as cellulosic and/or lignocellulosic materials and/or starchy materials, or oil sands, oil shale, tar sands, bitumen, and coal to produce altered materials such as fuels (e.g., ethanol and/or butanol). The processing includes exposing the materials to an ion beam.

A method of producing carbon-oxygen structures by the Decomposition of Carbon Dioxide Gas at low pressure, from 14.7 to 100 psi, using laser irradiation in the mid-infrared spectrum, from 2.3 to 3.3 microns.

A light irradiation multi-sample parallel reaction device comprises: a base (1), a support disc (2) horizontally fixed and mounted above the base (1), a top disc (3) mounted above the support disc (2), a rotating disc (4) rotatably mounted below the support disc (2), and a plurality of reaction flasks (5), wherein a plurality of light transmission holes are circumferentially formed in the support disc (2); the plurality of reaction flasks (5) are placed on the light transmission holes in a one-to-one correspondence; a plurality of reaction flask through-holes for the reaction flasks (5) to pass through are formed in the top disc (3); a plurality of sets of stirrers (7) corresponding to the reaction flasks (5) are mounted between the top disc (3) and the support disc (2), and used for stirring liquids in the reaction flasks (5); the rotating disc (4) is arranged coaxially with the support disc (2); and a plurality of light sources (9) are arranged on an upper surface of the rotating disc (4). The device enables the irradiation intensity of light entering solutions to be consistent, improving experimental accuracy.

The present invention relates to a nanoparticle preparation device using laser, and more particularly, the nanoparticle preparation device using the laser wherein the nanoparticles prepared by irradiating the laser beam to the source material gas within the reaction chamber are recovered without being oxidized by blocking the air or moisture within the glove box in which the nitrogen atmosphere is maintained, and thus the nanoparticles are efficiently collected without oxidation.

The present invention relates to a biocompatible nanoparticle and a use thereof and, more specifically, to a biocompatible nanoparticle formed by irradiation an electron beam to an aqueous solution comprising at least one substance selected from the group consisting of a polysaccharide, a derivative thereof and a polyethylene glycol, thereby inducing inter-molecular cross-linking or intra-molecular cross-linking, and to a use of the biocompatible nanoparticle in a drug carrier, a contrast agent, a diagnostic agent or an intestinal adhesion prevention agent or for disease prevention and treatment.

Provided is a photocatalyst with significantly enhanced water splitting performance in YTOS or in a composition in which the yttrium element of YTOS has been replaced with another element. Also provided is a method for producing a photocatalyst that has a composition represented by the following general formula (I), the method including mixing, with a raw material of the photocatalyst, a flux component at a mass ratio of 0.01 times to 50 times, the flux component being composed of one or more chlorides and/or iodides of at least one selected from Li, Na, K, Rb, Mg, Ca, Sr, and Ba, and calcining a resultant product at 450? C. to 1050? C.:

M.sub.aTi.sub.bO.sub.cS.sub.d(I)

(where M is a combination of one or more selected from Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, and Y, a is a number of 1.7 to 2.3, b is a number of 2, c is a number of 4.7 to 5.3, and d is a number of 1.7 to 2.3).

A composition that switches from a hydrophilic state into a hydrophobic state upon exposure to heat and/or light includes graphite oxide and an infrared absorbing compound.

The invention relates to macro- and micro-liquid marbles (i.e. droplets of liquid with a particulate-based shell), and in particular, to photo-responsive macro- and micro-liquid marbles encapsulating a substance therein. Methods for forming the macro- and micro-liquid marbles, and use of the macro- and micro-liquid marbles, in controlled release applications are also disclosed.

An infrared processing device includes an infrared heater including a heating body and a metamaterial structure capable of, when thermal energy is input from the heating body, radiating infrared rays which have a maximum peak of a non-Planck distribution and whose maximum peak has a peak wavelength of 2 m or more and 7 m or less; an inner tube that surrounds the infrared heater, contains at least one of a fluorine-based material having a CF bond and calcium fluoride, and transmits infrared rays of the peak wavelength; and an outer tube that surrounds the inner tube and forms, between the inner tube and the outer tube, an object channel through which a processing object is allowed to flow.

Materials such as biomass (e.g., plant biomass, animal biomass, and municipal waste biomass) and hydrocarbon-containing materials are processed to produce useful products, such as fuels. For example, systems are described that can use feedstock materials, such as cellulosic and/or lignocellulosic materials and/or starchy materials, or oil sands, oil shale, tar sands, bitumen, and coal to produce altered materials such as fuels (e.g., ethanol and/or butanol). The processing includes exposing the materials to an ion beam.