A method for monitoring the production of a material such as graphene in a liquid dispersion in real time, comprises supplying the liquid dispersion to a fluid gap defined between a first layer and an opposed second layer, wherein the first layer is light-transmissive and wherein the second layer has a diffusely reflective surface facing the first layer. The diffusely reflective surface is illuminated with light from a light source and light reflected from the diffusely reflective surface is detected at an associated photodetector. A light path from the light source to the photodetector comprises the light passing through the transmissive layer towards the diffusely reflective surface through the fluid gap, reflecting off the diffusely reflective surface and passing back through the fluid gap towards and onwards through the transmissive layer. The concentration of the material in the liquid dispersion can be determined from the detected reflected light. The fluid gap is typically an integral part of apparatus for producing the material, such as being formed between an inner rotor and an outer casing wall of a liquid exfoliation apparatus.

A method for producing a catalyst for a fuel cell comprising: a) injecting carbon particles into a fluidized bed reactor; b) evacuating the fluidized bed reactor to form a base pressure; c) introducing a catalytic metal precursor together with a carrier gas into the fluidized bed reactor to contact the catalytic metal precursor with the carbon particles; d d) purging a purge gas into the fluidized bed reactor; e) introducing a reaction gas into the fluidized bed reactor to attach the catalytic metal precursor to the carbon particles; and f) purging a purge gas into the fluidized bed reactor, wherein, the catalytic metal is attached to the carbon particles in a form of nano-sized spot.

A device for rapidly preparing β-Si3N4 by gas-solid reaction and a method thereof, and relates to the technical field of recycling and reuse of waste fine silicon powder. The bottom of a stock bin communicates with a first opening and closing passage, a first connection passage, and the top of a first transitional bin; the bottom of the first transitional bin communicates with the first opening and closing passage, a second connection passage, and the top of a reaction bin; the bottom of the reaction bin communicates with a second opening and closing passage, the first connection passage, and the top of a second transitional bin; the bottom of the second transitional bin communicates with the top of a conveying passage through the first opening and closing passage; a material outlet of the conveying bin communicates with the collection bin.

Disclosed is a flow bypass device, a reactor system containing the flow bypass device; a method for operating a fixed bed of solid particles in which gas is re-routed to an interior of the fixed bed, for example, the flow bypass device is used to bypass a portion of the solid particles; and a method for loading solid particles and a flow bypass device into a vessel. The methods and systems can use a single flow bypass device or multiple flow bypass devices that are stacked on top of one another.

Disclosed is a flow bypass device, a reactor system containing the flow bypass device; a method for operating a fixed bed of solid particles in which gas is re-routed to an interior of the fixed bed, for example, the flow bypass device is used to bypass a portion of the solid particles; and a method for loading solid particles and a flow bypass device into a vessel. The methods and systems can use a single flow bypass device or multiple flow bypass devices that are stacked on top of one another.

An agitator or mixer installed in a solid-liquid-gas/slurry reactor in which gas removal from the slurry and foam destruction is promoted. The reaction mixer includes a vessel and an agitator assembly. The vessel is for containing the solid-liquid-gas mixture and defines two mixing zones within a given volume; a first mixing zone and a second mixing zone located above the first mixing zone. The agitator assembly is positionable within the vessel and comprises a rotatable shaft and a first and second impeller coupled to the shaft. The first axial impeller is locatable within the first mixing zone and is configured to pump the liquid in a downward direction along a vertical axis of rotation. The second impeller is locatable within the second fluxing zone and is configured to pump the liquid in an upward direction along the vertical axis of rotation.

The invention relates to a reactor and to a method for continuous polymerization, in which said reactor for the continuous production of polymers, particularly synthetic rubbers, contains at least one substantially tubular reactor housing (4), wherein said reactor housing (4) has a drive shaft (30) that is connected to at least one agitator (38) arranged such that it can rotate inside the reactor housing (4), and the agitator contains at least one, and preferably two, three or four helical mixing elements (24) which are designed to be preferably close to the wall or to come into contact with the wall.

A method and system for continuous production of contaminant free and size specific biochar using downdraft gasification of variable quality feedstock. The system and process of the present invention includes the transfer of biochar from a gasifier after gasification to a temperature-controlled cooling screw conveyor, into a drum magnet for ferrous metal removal into multiple diverters to separate and remove ungasified materials and non-ferrous metal contaminants, then transferred into a granulator for grinding and screening the biochar to a pre-selected size. By directly attaching a novel and continuous product treatment process to the biochar stream as it exits the gasifier, the particle size, moisture content, carbon content and yield of a contaminant free biochar product can be narrowly controlled and improved to meet strict product quality specifications required by specialty applications.

Shell-and-tube strippers for stripping a urea/carbamate mixture, related systems, methods, and uses. The stripper includes a shell, a plurality of tubes disposed within the shell, and a heating fluid distributor for homogenizing the flow of a heating fluid near a heating fluid inlet. The heating fluid distributor includes an edge wall and a laterally disposed heating fluid distribution plate. Related systems, methods, and uses are also provided.

The present invention relates to different liquid distributors for monolith in multiphase applications. The present invention more particularly relates to distributor devices in the form of a single injection and multiple injection pipe distributors; shower head distributor comprising a plurality of holes for plunging liquid; a packing of spherical particles with a pre-distributor to split the liquid into manifold streams, before entry into the monolith bed. The present invention provides liquid distributors for monolith in multiphase applications providing improved liquid distribution into the monolith bed resulting in uniform fluid flow in each channel so as to make maximum use of the catalyst surface area.