The invention relates to the hydrolytic breakdown of plant biomasses via hydrohalic acids, preferably so-called hydrochloric acid. Ligneous biomasses were preferably hydrolyzed in the past because other types of biomasses, for instance straw, are only able to be filled into the reactors with a very low density and they tend towards compacting in the course of the process. The invention solves this problem with two modifications. First of all, pelletizable biomasses are completely or partially loaded in the form of pellets and a heavily increasing filling density is achieved because of that. Secondly, the hydrolysis reactors are tilted, preferably arranged between 30 and 60, and compacting is prevented. The economic effectiveness of both modifications is to be determined in practical tests for every pelletizable biomass. It is possible that one of the two modifications can be omitted.

A process for preparing a catalytic cracking catalyst, which process comprises: a molecular sieve is introduced into a gas-phase ultra-stabilization reactor, the molecular sieve is moved without the conveying of carrier gas from a molecular sieve inlet of the gas-phase ultra-stabilization reactor to a molecular sieve outlet of the gas-phase ultra-stabilization reactor, and the molecular sieve is contacted and reacted with a gaseous SiCl.sub.4 in the gas-phase ultra-stabilization reactor, the molecular sieve resulting from the contacting and the reacting is optionally washed, then mixed with a matrix and water into slurry, and shaped into particles.

A supercritical vessel for separating dissolved solids from a fluid solution includes a main body defining a separation chamber adapted to contain a fluid solution while the fluid solution is heated to a supercritical temperature so as to produce a supercritical fluid from which dissolved solids precipitate. The vessel further includes a fluid inlet for receiving fluid solution, a fluid outlet for discharging supercritical fluid, and a precipitate outlet for discharging precipitated solids. The main body is tilted at a tilt angle relative to horizontal such that the fluid inlet is positioned vertically higher than the fluid outlet and the precipitate outlet, so as to induce movement of the precipitated solids in a downward direction toward the precipitate outlet. The fluid inlet may be positioned proximate a first end of the main body, and the fluid outlet and precipitate outlet may be positioned proximate a second end.

The disclosure concerns a reactor and a process for the hydrothermal treatment of an aqueous mixture, such as watery biomass. The reactor has an inlet for receiving the aqueous mixture, a tube-shaped reactor interior, which is inclined at an angle in the range of 1-45; a first zone in the reactor interior with means for heating the aqueous mixture; a second zone in the reactor interior for keeping the aqueous mixture at the predetermined temperature; a third zone in the reactor interior for cooling the aqueous mixture; an outlet for discharging a hydrothermally treated aqueous mixture, and an outlet for discharging gas. The inlet and outlet for discharging gas are positioned at the top part of the reactor and the outlet for discharging aqueous mixture is at the bottom part of the reactor. The inclined nature of the reactor ensures that all gases are efficiently removed from the liquid effluent, and the CO.sub.2 formed during the process is used to improved efficacy of the hydrothermal treatment.

Systems and methods achieve the conversion of polymer containing material into petroleum products such as hydrocarbon gas, wax, crude oil and diesel. The reactor and its system are designed to subject the polymer containing material to pyrolysis in a way that results in a higher petroleum product yield than conventional existing systems. The system has controls which allow for the heating temperature, rotation of the body, and throughput rate, to be adjusted depending on the reaction time required for the material inside the reactor. The condensing system is able to separate the products into the desired petroleum products by percentage output ranging from wax to crude-like oil to diesel-quality oil.

An optical network comprising an optical network element comprising a first optical transmitter, a first controller, an optical receiver, a second optical transmitter, a second controller and optical receiver apparatus. Said first controller is arranged to control said first optical transmitter to generate and transmit a first optical signal in response no second optical signal being detected. Said first controller is arranged to iteratively generate and transmit said first optical signal at different wavelengths of a plurality of wavelengths until said second optical signal is detected, and is further arranged to subsequently maintain generation and transmission of said first optical signal at said wavelength at which said second optical signal is detected. Said second controller is arranged to control said second optical transmitter to generate and transmit said second optical signal following detection of said first optical signal by said optical receiver apparatus.

A chemical reaction method having steps of preparing a chemical reaction apparatus by partitioning an inside of a horizontal flow reactor into multiple chambers by multiple partition plates, and flowing a liquid horizontally with an unfilled space being provided thereabove, generating microwaves with a microwave generator, and transmiting the microwaves, with at least one waveguide, to the unfilled space in the reactor. Also forming a top portion of the partition plates act as a weir, inclining the reactor such that, in each of the chambers, a weir height on the inlet side is higher than a weir height on the outlet side by at least an overflow depth at the partition plate on the outlet side, flowing content over each of the partition plates inside the reactor, and configuring the weir heights of the partition plates in the reactor are the same in a state where the reactor is not inclined.

Systems and methods achieve the conversion of polymer containing material into petroleum products such as hydrocarbon gas, wax, crude oil and diesel. The reactor and its system are designed to subject the polymer containing material to pyrolysis in a way that results in a higher petroleum product yield than conventional existing systems. The system has controls which allow for the heating temperature, rotation of the body, and throughput rate, to be adjusted depending on the reaction time required for the material inside the reactor. The condensing system is able to separate the products into the desired petroleum products by percentage output ranging from wax to crude-like oil to diesel-quality oil.

A reactor and its internals used for the thermal processing of a liquid mixture. The reactor comprises plates and at least part of the surface of said plates is used to perform the thermal processing. The reactor and its internals are used for the thermal processing of various liquid mixtures containing organic compounds. The processes, for thermal processing the mixture comprising organic compounds, comprising the steps of feeding the reactor and its internals and being useful for treating wastes oils and/or for destroying hazardous and/or toxic products; and/or for reusing waste products in an environmentally acceptable form and/or way, and/or for cleaning contaminated soils or beaches, and/or cleaning tar pits, and/or use in coal-oil co-processing, and/or recovering oil from oil spills, and/or PCB free transformed oils. A process for fabricating the reactor and its internals is also proposed.

A manufacturing facility (12) is provided. The manufacturing facility (12) includes one or more interconnectable modules (10). At least one of the one or more interconnectable modules (10) includes a housing (14) and a reactor (16) in 5 the housing (14). The housing (14) has at least one charging inlet (18) and at least one discharging outlet (20). The reactor (16) has at least one reactor inlet (22) coupled to the at least one charging inlet (18) of the housing (14) and at least one reactor outlet (24) coupled to the at least one discharging outlet (20) of the housing (14).