A catalytic reactor includes: a reaction-side flow channel in which a reaction fluid flows; a structured catalyst removably located in the reaction-side flow channel; and a protrusion formed in the structured catalyst or an inner surface of the reaction-side flow channel, having a height forming a clearance between the structured catalyst and the inner surface of the reaction-side flow channel.

A high capacity and high efficiency co-current and cross-flow vapor-liquid contacting apparatus and process is useful in distillation columns and other vapor-liquid contacting processes. The apparatus is characterized by an arrangement of contacting modules and perforated receiving pans in horizontal stages. The modules define a co-current contacting volume and in an exemplary configuration the modules include a liquid distributor and a demister. Liquid dispensed from the modules on a perforated receiving pan are contacted with upflowing vapor through perforations therein.

A high capacity and high efficiency co-current and cross-flow vapor-liquid contacting apparatus and process is useful in distillation columns and other vapor-liquid contacting processes. The apparatus is characterized by an arrangement of contacting modules and perforated receiving pans in horizontal stages. The modules define a co-current contacting volume and in an exemplary configuration the modules include a liquid distributor and a demister. Liquid dispensed from the modules on a perforated receiving pan are contacted with upflowing vapor through perforations therein.

Provided is a gas separation apparatus advantageous in suppression of increase in pressure loss and achievement of reduced size and weight, thereby reducing costs. The gas separation apparatus causes an absorbent to flow down along the surface of a packing arranged in a treatment chamber, and supplies to the treatment chamber a gas to be treated which contains a target gas component, and then causes the gas to be treated and the absorbent flowing down along the surface of the packing to come into gas-liquid contact. Thus the target gas component contained in the gas to be treated is absorbed into the absorbent and separated or recovered from the gas to be treated. The packing has at least one packing unit configured by a plurality of expanded metal plates standing vertically and being aligned.

A spacer array including a plurality of spacers. Each spacer defines a longitudinal axis and includes a main body, a leading pin, and a trailing pin. The main body has a main body cross-sectional dimension. The leading pin extends from the main body and is upstream of the main body. The leading pin has a leading pin cross-sectional dimension. The trailing pin extends from the main body and is downstream of the main body. The trailing pin has a trailing pin cross-sectional dimension. The main body cross-sectional dimension is greater than the leading pin cross-sectional dimension and the trailing pin cross-sectional dimension.