Provided are a method for preparing chiral nitro derivatives using organic chiral catalyst compounds and water as an eco-friendly solvent, and the like. The catalyst is an organic catalyst based on (R,R)-1,2-diphenylethylenediamine (DPEN), and can prepare nitro derivatives having enantioselectivity and diastereoselectivity in excellent yield through a hydrophobic hydration effect. In particular, the preparation method of the present disclosure can stabilize a transition state through an interfacial reaction between the catalyst and water. In addition, indole derivatives can be synthesized using the chiral nitro derivatives prepared according to the present disclosure to be usefully used for the prevention or treatment of brain-nervous system diseases including depression and muscular diseases including cachexia.

Provided is a method for producing an alkenyl phosphorus compound which can produce an alkenyl phosphorus compound efficiently even with a smaller amount of a catalyst used than that used conventionally, and further which can maintain catalytic activity to produce an alkenyl phosphorus compound in high yield even at a larger reaction scale, and which can also be applied to quantity synthesis at an industrial scale using a conventional batch reactor or continuous reactor. A method for producing an alkenyl phosphorus compound, comprising: a step of reacting a compound represented by the following formula (1): ##STR00001## [In formula (1), R.sup.1 represents OR.sup.3 or R.sup.3, R.sup.2 represents OR.sup.4 or R.sup.4, and R.sup.3 and R.sup.4 represent, for example, each independently a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group.] with a compound represented by the following formula (2): ##STR00002## [In formula (2), R.sup.5 represents, for example, a hydrogen atom, or a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group.] to produce the phosphorus alkenyl compound presented by at least any of the following formulas (3a) or (3b): ##STR00003## [In formulas (3a) and (3b), R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 have the same meaning as defined in formula (1), and R.sup.5 has the same meaning as defined in formula (2).], In which the compound represented by formula (1) is reacted with the compound represented by formula (2) using a transition metal catalyst, and a phosphorus oxo acid compound having an intramolecular PH bond.

Provided is a method for producing an alkenyl phosphorus compound which can produce an alkenyl phosphorus compound efficiently even with a smaller amount of a catalyst used than that used conventionally, and further which can maintain catalytic activity to produce an alkenyl phosphorus compound in high yield even at a larger reaction scale, and which can also be applied to quantity synthesis at an industrial scale using a conventional batch reactor or continuous reactor.

A method for producing an alkenyl phosphorus compound, comprising: a step of reacting a compound represented by the following formula (1):

##STR00001## [In formula (1), R.sup.1 represents OR.sup.3 or R.sup.3, R.sup.2 represents OR.sup.4 or R.sup.4, and R.sup.3 and R.sup.4 represent, for example, each independently a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group.] with a compound represented by the following formula (2):

R.sup.5CCH(2) [In formula (2), R.sup.5 represents, for example, a hydrogen atom, or a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group.] to produce the phosphorus alkenyl compound presented by at least any of the following formulas (3a) or (3b):

##STR00002## [In formulas (3a) and (3b), R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 have the same meaning as defined in formula (1), and R.sup.5 has the same meaning as defined in formula (2).],

In which the compound represented by formula (1) is reacted with the compound represented by formula (2) using a transition metal catalyst, and a phosphorus oxo acid compound having an intramolecular PH bond.

A process for injecting an immiscible liquid stream comprising a co-catalyst for a hydrocarbon conversion into a larger liquid stream that is an ionic liquid catalyst for the hydrocarbon conversion, comprising: a. feeding the immiscible liquid stream towards one or more injection quills in an additive delivery system comprising a transfer drum; b. transferring the immiscible liquid stream from the additive delivery system to the one or more injection quills in a solvent flushing system, fluidly connected downstream from the additive delivery system, wherein the solvent flushing system injects a solvent into one or more additive addition lines in the solvent flushing system; and c. continuously injecting the immiscible liquid stream into the larger liquid stream in an additive injection and mixing system comprising the one or more injection quills.

An integrated process for gasoline production is described. The process includes introducing a feed comprising n-C.sub.5 hydrocarbons into a disproportionation reaction zone in the presence of a disproportionation catalyst to form a disproportionation mixture comprising iso-C.sub.4 and C.sub.6+ disproportionation products and unreacted n-C.sub.5 hydrocarbons. An iso-C.sub.4 hydrocarbon stream and an olefin feed are introduced into an alkylation reaction zone in the presence of an alkylation catalyst to produce an alkylation mixture comprising alkylate and unreacted iso-C.sub.4 paraffins. The disproportionation mixture and the alkylation mixture are combined, and the combined mixture is separated into at least a stream comprising the alkylate product, an iso-C.sub.4 stream, and an unreacted n-C.sub.5 hydrocarbon stream. The iso-C.sub.4 stream is recycled to the alkylation reaction zone, and the unreacted n-C.sub.5 hydrocarbon stream is recycled to the disproportionation reaction zone. The stream comprising the alkylate product is recovered.

Disclosed in the present disclosure is a method for preparing 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene. The method includes a two-step method for preparing 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene, a method for co-producing 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene and 1-chloro-2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene, and a method for co-producing 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene and 1-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoropropene. The two-step method for preparing 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene includes: A1, a telomerization step: subjecting chlorofluoromethane and trifluoroethylene to a pressure telomerization reaction under the action of a telomerization catalyst to prepare 3-chloro-1,1,1,2-tetrafluoropropane, wherein the telomerization catalyst is a Lewis acid catalyst or a mixed catalyst of a Lewis acid catalyst and dichloromethane; and A2, a dehydrochlorination step: subjecting the 3-chloro-1,1,1,2-tetrafluoropropane to dehydrochlorination under the catalytic action of activated carbon to obtain 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene. The method for preparing 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene has the advantages of a simple process, high product selectivity, mild reaction conditions and the like.

An integrated system comprising: a. an additive delivery system comprising a transfer drum that feeds an immiscible liquid stream towards one or more injection quills; b. a solvent flushing system, comprising one or more additive addition lines that transfer the immiscible liquid stream from the additive delivery system; and c. an additive injection and mixing system comprising the one or more injection quills, wherein the immiscible liquid stream is injected into a larger liquid stream. Also, a process comprising: a. feeding the immiscible liquid stream to a transfer drum; b. transferring the immiscible liquid stream from the transfer drum to injection quills in a solvent flushing system, wherein the solvent flushing system injects a solvent into one or more additive addition lines in the solvent flushing system; and c. injecting the immiscible liquid stream into the larger liquid stream in an additive injection and mixing system comprising injection quills.

A process utilizing an ionic liquid is described. The process includes contacting a hydrocarbon feed with an ionic liquid component, the ionic liquid component comprising a mixture of a first ionic liquid and a viscosity modifier, wherein a viscosity of the ionic liquid component is at least about 10% less than a viscosity of the first ionic liquid.

Methods, systems, and computer readable media may be operable to facilitate an anticipation of an execution of a process termination tool. An allocation stall counter may be queried at a certain frequency, and from the query of the allocation stall counter, a number of allocation stall counter increments occurring over a certain duration of time may be determined. If the number of allocation stall counter increments is greater than a threshold, a determination may be made that system memory is running low and that an execution of a process termination tool is imminent. In response to the determination that system memory is running low, a flag indicating that system memory is running low may be set, and one or more programs, in response to reading the flag, may free memory that is not necessary or required for execution.

Provided herein is a compound of formula (I):

##STR00001##

wherein each R is independently selected from the group consisting of C.sub.1-8 alkyl, C.sub.1-8 heteroalkyl having 1-4 heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S, C.sub.3-6 cycloalkyl, 3-10 membered heterocycloalkyl having 1-4 heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S, C.sub.6-10 aryl, and 5-10 membered heteroaryl having 1-4 heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S; each X is independently selected from OH, PAr.sub.2, P(O)Ar.sub.2, OPAr.sub.2, C.sub.3-6 cycloalkyl, 3-10 membered heterocycloalkyl having 1-4 heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S or each X together form O.sub.2PNR.sub.2; Ar is C.sub.6-10aryl; and each R is independently selected from hydrogen and C.sub.1-8 alkyl. Also provided are methods of making and using the compound of formula (I).