Methods of synthesizing compounds comprising fluorinated aryl groups are disclosed, wherein said methods utilize hydrogen bond directed photocatalytic hydrodefluorination.

The invention relates to a method for producing an isocyanate, wherein a carbamate or thiolcarbomate is converted, in the presence of a catalyst, with separation of an alcohol or thioalcohol, at a temperature of at least 150 C., to the corresponding isocyanate, wherein a compound of the general formula (X)(Y)(ZH) is used as a catalyst, in particular characterized in that the compound has both a proton donor function and a proton acceptor function. In the catalysts according to the invention, a separable proton is bound to a heteroatom, which is more electronegative than carbon. Said heteroatom is either identical to Z or a component thereof. In the catalysts according to the invention, there is additionally a proton acceptor function which is either identical to X or a component thereof. According to the invention, the proton donator and proton acceptor function are connected to each other by the bridge Y.

The invention relates to a method for producing an isocyanate, wherein a carbamate or thiolcarbomate is converted, in the presence of a catalyst, with separation of an alcohol or thioalcohol, at a temperature of at least 150 C., to the corresponding isocyanate, wherein a compound of the general formula (X)(Y)(ZH) is used as a catalyst, in particular characterized in that the compound has both a proton donor function and a proton acceptor function. In the catalysts according to the invention, a separable proton is bound to a heteroatom, which is more electronegative than carbon. Said heteroatom is either identical to Z or a component thereof. In the catalysts according to the invention, there is additionally a proton acceptor function which is either identical to X or a component thereof. According to the invention, the proton donator and proton acceptor function are connected to each other by the bridge Y.

The present invention relates to the field of organic synthesis. More specifically, it concerns a process for the selective reduction of a C.sub.3-C.sub.70 substrate containing one or more carbonyl or carboxylic functional groups into the corresponding 5 alcohol diol, or polyalcohol in the presence of a silane and at least one catalyst or pre-catalyst in the form of a zinc complex. The Zinc complex of formula (I) or (II) is also part of the invention.

The invention relates to a novel process for converting a feedstock comprising at least one sugar into 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, wherein said feedstock is brought into contact with one or more organic dehydration catalysts and one or more chloride sources in the presence of at least one aprotic polar solvent alone or as a mixture, at a temperature of between 30 C. and 200 C., and at a pressure of between 0.1 MPa and 10 MPa.

The present disclosure discusses (i) a compound having a chemical formula according to Formula (I), or its enantiomer; and (ii) a compound that is reactive with a hydride to produce a compound having a chemical formula according to Formula (I), or its enantiomer. Formula (I) is: Formula (I) where R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 are H, optionally substituted C.sub.1-C.sub.3 alkyl, or linked together to form an optionally substituted C.sub.3 or C.sub.4 alkyl group; R.sub.3 and R.sub.3are H; R.sub.4 and R.sub.4 are the same, and are optionally substituted C.sub.1-C.sub.6 alkyl; and R.sub.5 and R.sub.5 are the same, and are optionally substituted aryl or heteroaryl. In some examples, R4 and R5 are linked, and R.sub.4 and R.sub.5 are linked, where both linking groups are the same. The present disclosure also discusses methods of asymmetric reduction of an imine, and methods of forming the catalysts and pre-catalysts.

##STR00001##

A method of deconstructing polymer waste into at least one useful breakdown product, wherein the polymer waste contains at least one condensation polymer, the method comprising contacting the polymer waste with a catalyst comprising an organic nitrogen-containing base and a carboxylic acid or ester thereof, in the presence of a protic molecule selected from alcohols, diols, polyols, and amines, at an elevated temperature effective for inducing alcoholysis or aminolysis of the condensation polymer, wherein the useful breakdown products comprise monomer species capable of being polymerized, and the organic nitrogen-containing base has the following structure:

##STR00001##

wherein: R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3, R.sup.4, R.sup.5, and R.sup.6 are independently selected from hydrogen atom, electron pair, and alkyl groups containing one to three carbon atoms, and wherein any adjacent two of R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3, R.sup.4, R.sup.5, and R.sup.6 may optionally interconnect to form a five, six, or seven-membered ring.

Provided is a liquid hydrogen storage material including 1,1-biphenyl and 1,1-methylenedibenzene, the liquid hydrogen storage material including the corresponding 1,1-biphenyl and 1,1-methylenedibenzene at a weight ratio of 1:1 to 1:2.5. The corresponding liquid hydrogen storage material has excellent hydrogen storage capacity value by including materials having high hydrogen storage capacity, and is supplied in a liquid state, and as a result, it is possible to minimize initial investment costs and the like required when the corresponding liquid hydrogen storage material is used as a hydrogen storage material in a variety of industries.

A hydroprocessing catalyst or catalyst precursor has been developed. The catalyst is a unique transition metal tungsten oxy-hydroxide material. The hydroprocessing using the transition metal tungsten oxy-hydroxide material or the decomposition product thereof may include hydrodenitrification, hydrodesulfurization, hydrodemetallation, hydrodesilication, hydrodearomatization, hydroisomerization, hydrotreating, hydrofining, and hydrocracking.

Provided is a method for producing a cyclic olefin compound, including a step of producing a cyclic olefin compound by acting a divalent nickel complex represented by General Formula (1) to decarbonylate and decarboxylate an alicyclic dicarboxylic acid anhydride, in which the divalent nickel complex includes at least one specific anionic ligand Y:
Ni(Y).sub.m(L).sub.n(1) wherein Ni is divalent nickel, Y is an anionic monodentate or polydentate ligand and has at least one Ni-E covalent bond, E is a heteroatom or a n-bonding group, m is 1 or 2, L is a neutral ligand, and n is a real number of 0 to 6.