Provided is a catalyst for producing hydrogen, which catalyst has higher performance than conventional catalysts since, for example, it exhibits a certain high level of activity in an aqueous formic acid solution at high concentration even without addition of a solvent, amine and/or the like. The metal phosphine complex is a metal phosphine complex represented by General Formula (1): MH.sub.m(CO)L.sub.n, wherein M represents an iridium, iron, rhodium or ruthenium atom; in cases where M is an iridium or rhodium atom, m=3 and n=2, and in cases where M is an iron or ruthenium atom, m=2 and n=3; and the number n of Ls each independently represent a tri-substituted phosphine represented by General Formula (2): PR.sup.1R.sup.2R.sup.3. The catalyst for producing hydrogen comprises the metal phosphine complex as a constituent component.

A formic acid decomposition catalyst system includes metal-ligand complexes having formula 1:

##STR00001##

wherein M is a transition metal; R.sub.1, R.sub.2 are independently C.sub.1-6 alkyl groups; o is 1, 2, 3, or 4; R.sub.3 are independently hydrogen, C.sub.1-6 alkyl groups, OR.sub.14, NO.sub.2, or halogen; R.sub.4, R.sub.5, R.sub.6, R.sub.7, R.sub.8, R.sub.9, R.sub.10, R.sub.11, R.sub.12, R.sub.13, are independently hydrogen or C.sub.1-6 alkyl groups; R.sub.14 is a C.sub.1-6 alkyl group; and X.sup. is a negatively charge counter ion.

A production method of 2-chloro-1,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene (1224) according to the present invention includes bringing 2,3-dichloro-1,1,1,3-tetrafluoropropane (234da) into contact with an inorganic base having a pKa of 4.8 or greater in an aqueous medium in the presence of a phase transfer catalyst. Preferably, the inorganic base has a pKa of 10 or greater. Further, the phase transfer catalyst is preferably at least one selected from the group consisting of tetrabutylammonium bromide, methyltri-n-octylammonium chloride, benzyltrimethylammonium chloride and tetraethylammonium chloride. It is possible by this method to selectively produce 1224 from 234da.

Disclosed is a method of preparing propylene including the step of irradiating propane in the presence of a catalyst containing a decatungstate salt and a co-catalyst, in which the co-catalyst has cobalt or nickel. Also provided are catalysts and methods of dehydrogenating alkanes.

A catalytic composition and process for forming and utilizing same in alkane dehydrogenation. An organometallic active material is deposited onto a silicon derived support such as a silicon imidonitride or silicon oxynitride. The active material facilitates the heterolytic CH bond cleavage across a metal oxide bond.

The present disclosure relates to methods for producing hydrogen and calcium- or magnesium-bearing carbonates by capturing, converting, and storing carbon dioxide. The methods may include providing one or more calcium- or magnesium-bearing compounds; providing one or more water-soluble oxygenates; providing a plurality of catalysts; and reacting one or more calcium- or magnesium-bearing compounds and one or more water-soluble oxygenates with plurality of catalysts under conditions to produce hydrogen and calcium- or magnesium-bearing carbonates. The methods may include providing one or more calcium- or magnesium-bearing silicates; providing carbon monoxide; providing water vapor; and reacting one or more calcium- or magnesium-bearing silicates, carbon monoxide, and water vapor. The methods may include providing one or more calcium- or magnesium-bearing compounds; providing one or more water-soluble oxygenates; providing a catalyst; and reacting one or more calcium- or magnesium-bearing compounds and one or more water-soluble oxygenates with said catalyst.

The system includes a reactor vessel having a reactor space bound by a reactor wall. The reactor vessel is arranged for holding a mixture of a catalyst and formic acid in the reactor space. The reactor vessel includes a mixture inflow opening for allowing the mixture to enter the reactor space and a mixture outflow opening for allowing said mixture to exit the reactor space, and a gas outflow opening for allowing hydrogen originating from the mixture to exit the reactor space. A method for hydrogen production includes: providing the formic acid and the catalyst into the reactor space; withdrawing the mixture from the reactor space; heating and/or cooling the mixture to a predetermined temperature range outside the reactor space; and introducing the heated and/or cooled mixture into the reactor space in a predetermined direction having a tangential component arranged for stirring said mixture in the reactor space.

The system includes a reactor vessel having a reactor space bound by a reactor wall. The reactor vessel is arranged for holding a mixture of a catalyst and formic acid in the reactor space. The reactor vessel includes a mixture inflow opening for allowing the mixture to enter the reactor space and a mixture outflow opening for allowing said mixture to exit the reactor space, and a gas outflow opening for allowing hydrogen originating from the mixture to exit the reactor space. A method for hydrogen production includes providing the formic acid and the catalyst into the reactor space; withdrawing the mixture from the reactor space; heating and/or cooling the mixture to a predetermined temperature range outside the reactor space; and introducing the heated and/or cooled mixture into the reactor space in a predetermined direction having a tangential component arranged for stirring said mixture in the reactor space.