Metal oxide catalysts comprising various dopants are provided. The catalysts are useful as heterogenous catalysts in a variety of catalytic reactions, for example, the oxidative coupling of methane to C2 hydrocarbons such as ethane and ethylene. Related methods for use and manufacture of the same are also disclosed.

An oxygen transfer agent comprising a metal-boron oxide is provided. The average oxidation state of the metal in the metal-boron oxide is about 3+, and has 10% or less of a stoichiometric excess in moles of Mn with respect to the boron. The oxygen transfer agent may further comprise a magnesia-phosphate cement. The oxygen transfer agent is capable of oxidatively dehydrogenating a hydrocarbon feed at reaction conditions to produce a dehydrogenated hydrocarbon product and water. The oxidative dehydrogenation can take place under reaction conditions of less than 1000 ppm weight molecular oxygen, or in the presence of more than 1000 ppm weight of molecular oxygen. Also provided are methods of using the oxygen transfer agents, and an apparatus for effecting the oxidative dehydrogenation of the hydrocarbon feed.

An oxygen transfer agent comprising a metal-boron oxide is provided. The average oxidation state of the metal in the metal-boron oxide is about 3+, and has 10% or less of a stoichiometric excess in moles of Mn with respect to the boron. The oxygen transfer agent may further comprise a magnesia-phosphate cement. The oxygen transfer agent is capable of oxidatively dehydrogenating a hydrocarbon feed at reaction conditions to produce a dehydrogenated hydrocarbon product and water. The oxidative dehydrogenation can take place under reaction conditions of less than 1000 ppm weight molecular oxygen, or in the presence of more than 1000 ppm weight of molecular oxygen. Also provided are methods of using the oxygen transfer agents, and an apparatus for effecting the oxidative dehydrogenation of the hydrocarbon feed.

A catalyst composition includes a metal catalyst dispersed in a molten eutectic mixture of alkali metal or alkaline earth metal carbonates or hydroxides. A process for the catalytic cracking of hydrocarbons includes contacting in a reactor system a carbon-containing feedstock with at least one catalyst in the presence of oxygen to generate olefinic and/or aromatic compounds; and collecting the olefinic and/or aromatic compounds; wherein: the at least one catalyst includes a metal catalyst dispersed in a molten eutectic mixture of alkali metal or alkaline earth metal carbonates or hydroxides. A process for preparing the catalyst includes mixing metal catalyst precursors selected from transition metal compounds and rare-earth metal compounds and a eutectic mixture of alkali metal or alkaline earth metal carbonates or hydroxides and heating it. A use of the catalyst in the catalytic cracking process of hydrocarbons.

A catalyst composition includes a metal catalyst dispersed in a molten eutectic mixture of alkali metal or alkaline earth metal carbonates or hydroxides. A process for the catalytic cracking of hydrocarbons includes contacting in a reactor system a carbon-containing feedstock with at least one catalyst in the presence of oxygen to generate olefinic and/or aromatic compounds; and collecting the olefinic and/or aromatic compounds; wherein: the at least one catalyst includes a metal catalyst dispersed in a molten eutectic mixture of alkali metal or alkaline earth metal carbonates or hydroxides. A process for preparing the catalyst includes mixing metal catalyst precursors selected from transition metal compounds and rare-earth metal compounds and a eutectic mixture of alkali metal or alkaline earth metal carbonates or hydroxides and heating it. A use of the catalyst in the catalytic cracking process of hydrocarbons.

A method of turning a catalytic material by altering the charge state of a catalyst support. The catalyst support is intercalated with a metal ion, altering the charge state to alter and/or augment the catalytic activity of the catalyst material.

A method of turning a catalytic material by altering the charge state of a catalyst support. The catalyst support is intercalated with a metal ion, altering the charge state to alter and/or augment the catalytic activity of the catalyst material.

Metal oxide catalysts comprising various dopants are provided. The catalysts are useful as heterogenous catalysts in a variety of catalytic reactions, for example, the oxidative coupling of methane to C2 hydrocarbons such as ethane and ethylene. Related methods for use and manufacture of the same are also disclosed.

Metal oxide catalysts comprising various dopants are provided. The catalysts are useful as heterogenous catalysts in a variety of catalytic reactions, for example, the oxidative coupling of methane to C2 hydrocarbons such as ethane and ethylene. Related methods for use and manufacture of the same are also disclosed.

Redox catalysts having surface medication, methods of making redox catalysts with surface modification, and uses of the surface modified redox catalysts are provided. In some aspects, the redox catalysts include a core oxygen carrier region such as CaMnO.sub.3, BaMnO.sub.3−δ, SrMnO.sub.3−δ, Mn.sub.2SiO.sub.4, Mn.sub.2MgO.sub.4−δ, La.sub.0.8Sr.sub.0.2O.sub.3−δ, La.sub.0.8Sr.sub.0.2FeO.sub.3−δ, Ca.sub.9Ti.sub.0.1Mn.sub.0.9O.sub.3−δ, Pr.sub.6O.sub.11−δ, manganese ore, or a combination thereof; and an outer shell having an average thickness of about 1-100 monolayers surrounding the outer surface of the core region. The outer shell can include, for example a salt selected such as Li.sub.2WO.sub.4, Na.sub.2WO.sub.4, K.sub.2WO.sub.4, SrWO.sub.4, Li.sub.2MoO.sub.4, Na.sub.2MoO.sub.4, K.sub.2MoO.sub.4, CsMoO.sub.4, Li.sub.2CO.sub.3, Na.sub.2CO.sub.3, K.sub.2CO.sub.3, or a combination thereof.