A catalytic composition and process useful for the conversion of an olefin selected from the group consisting of propylene, isobutylene or mixtures thereof, to acrylonitrile, methacrylonitrile, hydrogen cyanide and acetonitrile and mixtures thereof, wherein the catalyst exhibiting increased selectivity to hydrogen cyanide compared to prior art catalysts.

A method for producing a conjugated diolefin is configured as follows. A monoolefin having four or more carbon atoms is fed from a monoolefin feed nozzle(s) installed at n place(s) (n=1, 2, . . . , n). In addition, at least 50% or more of a total amount of an oxygen-containing gas is fed from an oxygen-containing gas feed nozzle located at a bottom of a fluidized bed reactor. Furthermore, the monoolefin feed nozzles at distances a1, a2, . . . , an from the oxygen-containing gas feed nozzle feed the monoolefin having four or more carbon atoms at ratios of b1, b2, . . . , bn (b1+b2+ . . . +bn=1), respectively, and an arithmetic mean value represented by the following formula and obtained from the above distances and the above ratios is 100 mm or more.

arithmetic mean value=a1*b1+a2*b2+ . . . +an*bn

A method for producing a conjugated diolefin is configured as follows. A monoolefin having four or more carbon atoms is fed from a monoolefin feed nozzle(s) installed at n place(s) (n=1, 2, . . . , n). In addition, at least 50% or more of a total amount of an oxygen-containing gas is fed from an oxygen-containing gas feed nozzle located at a bottom of a fluidized bed reactor. Furthermore, the monoolefin feed nozzles at distances a1, a2, . . . , an from the oxygen-containing gas feed nozzle feed the monoolefin having four or more carbon atoms at ratios of b1, b2, . . . , bn (b1+b2+ . . . +bn=1), respectively, and an arithmetic mean value represented by the following formula and obtained from the above distances and the above ratios is 100 mm or more.

arithmetic mean value=a1*b1+a2*b2+ . . . +an*bn

Homogeneous water oxidation catalysts (WOCs) for the oxidation of water to produce hydrogen ions and oxygen, and methods of making and using thereof are described herein. In a preferred embodiment, the WOC is a polyoxometalate WOC which is hydrolytically stable, oxidatively stable, and thermally stable. The WOC oxidized waters in the presence of an oxidant. The oxidant can be generated photochemically, using light, such as sunlight, or electrochemically using a positively biased electrode. The hydrogen ions are subsequently reduced to form hydrogen gas, for example, using a hydrogen evolution catalyst (HEC). The hydrogen gas can be used as a fuel in combustion reactions and/or in hydrogen fuel cells. The catalysts described herein exhibit higher turn over numbers, faster turn over frequencies, and/or higher oxygen yields than prior art catalysts.

Homogeneous water oxidation catalysts (WOCs) for the oxidation of water to produce hydrogen ions and oxygen, and methods of making and using thereof are described herein. In a preferred embodiment, the WOC is a polyoxometalate WOC which is hydrolytically stable, oxidatively stable, and thermally stable. The WOC oxidized waters in the presence of an oxidant. The oxidant can be generated photochemically, using light, such as sunlight, or electrochemically using a positively biased electrode. The hydrogen ions are subsequently reduced to form hydrogen gas, for example, using a hydrogen evolution catalyst (HEC). The hydrogen gas can be used as a fuel in combustion reactions and/or in hydrogen fuel cells. The catalysts described herein exhibit higher turn over numbers, faster turn over frequencies, and/or higher oxygen yields than prior art catalysts.

A catalytic composition useful for the conversion of an olefin selected from the group consisting of propylene, isobutylene or mixtures thereof, to acrylonitrile, methacrylonitrile, and mixtures thereof. The catalytic composition comprises a complex of metal oxides comprising bismuth, molybdenum, iron, cerium, and at least one of samarium, praseodymium and neodymium.

A catalytic composition useful for the conversion of an olefin selected from the group consisting of propylene, isobutylene or mixtures thereof, to acrylonitrile, methacrylonitrile, and mixtures thereof. The catalytic composition comprises a complex of metal oxides comprising bismuth, molybdenum, iron, cerium, and at least one of samarium, praseodymium and neodymium.

Homogeneous water oxidation catalysts (WOCs) for the oxidation of water to produce hydrogen ions and oxygen, and methods of making and using thereof are described herein. In a preferred embodiment, the WOC is a polyoxometalate WOC which is hydrolytically stable, oxidatively stable, and thermally stable. The WOC oxidized waters in the presence of an oxidant. The oxidant can be generated photochemically, using light, such as sunlight, or electrochemically using a positively biased electrode. The hydrogen ions are subsequently reduced to form hydrogen gas, for example, using a hydrogen evolution catalyst (HEC). The hydrogen gas can be used as a fuel in combustion reactions and/or in hydrogen fuel cells. The catalysts described herein exhibit higher turn over numbers, faster turn over frequencies, and/or higher oxygen yields than prior art catalysts.

Homogeneous water oxidation catalysts (WOCs) for the oxidation of water to produce hydrogen ions and oxygen, and methods of making and using thereof are described herein. In a preferred embodiment, the WOC is a polyoxometalate WOC which is hydrolytically stable, oxidatively stable, and thermally stable. The WOC oxidized waters in the presence of an oxidant. The oxidant can be generated photochemically, using light, such as sunlight, or electrochemically using a positively biased electrode. The hydrogen ions are subsequently reduced to form hydrogen gas, for example, using a hydrogen evolution catalyst (HEC). The hydrogen gas can be used as a fuel in combustion reactions and/or in hydrogen fuel cells. The catalysts described herein exhibit higher turn over numbers, faster turn over frequencies, and/or higher oxygen yields than prior art catalysts.

Catalytic compositions are provided that are effective for providing increased acrylonitrile product without a significant decrease in hydrogen cyanide and/or acetonitrile production and provide an overall increase in production of acrylonitrile, hydrogen cyanide and acetonitrile. The catalytic compositions include a complex of metal oxides and include at least about 15% m-phase plus t-phase by weight and have a weight ratio of m-phase to m-phase plus t-phase of 0.45 or greater.