Systems and methods of synthesizing nanoparticles on substrates using rapid, high temperature thermal shock. A method involves depositing micro-sized particles or salt precursors on a substrate, and applying a rapid, high temperature thermal pulse or shock to the micro-sized particles or the salt precursors and the substrate to cause the micro-sized particles or the salt precursors to become nanoparticles on the substrate. A system may include a rotatable member that receives a roll of a substrate sheet having micro-sized particles or salt precursors; a motor that rotates the rotatable member so as to unroll consecutive portions of the substrate sheet from the roll; and a thermal energy source that applies a short, high temperature thermal shock to consecutive portions of the substrate sheet that are unrolled from the roll by rotating the first rotatable member. Some systems and methods produce nanoparticles on existing substrate. The nanoparticles may be metallic, ceramic, inorganic, semiconductor, or compound nanoparticles. The substrate may be a carbon-based substrate, a conducting substrate, or a non-conducting substrate. The high temperature thermal shock process may be enabled by electrical Joule heating, microwave heating, thermal radiative heating, plasma heating, or laser heating.

A catalyst includes a support, where the support includes an external surface, about 60 wt % to about 99 wt % silica, and about 1.0 wt % to about 5.0 wt % alumina. A catalytic layer is disposed within the support adjacent to the external surface, where the catalytic layer further includes Pd, Au, and potassium acetate (KOAc). In the catalyst, (a) the KOAc is from about 60 kg/m.sup.3 to about 150 kg/m.sup.3 of the catalyst; or (b) the catalytic layer has an average thickness from about 50 ?m to about 150 ?m; or (c) both (a) and (b). The catalyst also possesses a Brunauer-Emmett-Teller surface area of about 130 m.sup.2/g to about 300 m.sup.2/g and a geometric surface area per packed bed volume from about 550 m.sup.2/m.sup.3 to about 1500 m.sup.2/m.sup.3. The catalyst is highly active for the synthesis of vinyl acetate monomer and exhibits a high selectivity for vinyl acetate monomer.

A catalyst includes a support, where the support includes an external surface, about 60 wt % to about 99 wt % silica, and about 1.0 wt % to about 5.0 wt % alumina. A catalytic layer is disposed within the support adjacent to the external surface, where the catalytic layer further includes Pd, Au, and potassium acetate (KOAc). In the catalyst, (a) the KOAc is from about 60 kg/m.sup.3 to about 150 kg/m.sup.3 of the catalyst; or (b) the catalytic layer has an average thickness from about 50 ?m to about 150 ?m; or (c) both (a) and (b). The catalyst also possesses a Brunauer-Emmett-Teller surface area of about 130 m.sup.2/g to about 300 m.sup.2/g and a geometric surface area per packed bed volume from about 550 m.sup.2/m.sup.3 to about 1500 m.sup.2/m.sup.3. The catalyst is highly active for the synthesis of vinyl acetate monomer and exhibits a high selectivity for vinyl acetate monomer.

The present invention relates to novel catalysts for oxidative esterification, by means of which, for example, (meth)acrolein can be converted to methyl (meth)acrylate. The catalysts of the invention are especially notable for high mechanical and chemical stability even over very long periods. This especially relates to an improvement in the catalyst service life, activity and selectivity over prior art catalysts which lose activity and/or selectivity relatively quickly in continuous operation in media having even a small water content.

The invention discloses a binder-free high strength and low steam-to-oil ratio ethylbenzene dehydrogenation catalyst, which is characterized by comprising the following components in percentage by weight: (a) 60-85% Fe.sub.2O.sub.3; (b) 3-25% K.sub.2O; (c) 0.1-5% MoO.sub.3; (d) 3-20% CeO.sub.2; (e) 0.1-5% CaO; (f) 0.1-5% Na.sub.2O; (g) 0.1-5% MnO.sub.2, wherein the weight ratio of sodium oxide to manganese dioxide is 0.1-10; (h) 0.1-100 ppm of at least one element or oxide of Pb, Pt, Pd, Ag, Au, Sn; and no binder is added during the preparation of the catalyst. The low steam-to-oil ratio ethylbenzene dehydrogenation catalyst provided by the present invention contains no binder and maintains high strength, and has high activity and stability at low steam-to-oil ratio.

The invention discloses a binder-free high strength and low steam-to-oil ratio ethylbenzene dehydrogenation catalyst, which is characterized by comprising the following components in percentage by weight: (a) 60-85% Fe.sub.2O.sub.3; (b) 3-25% K.sub.2O; (c) 0.1-5% MoO.sub.3; (d) 3-20% CeO.sub.2; (e) 0.1-5% CaO; (f) 0.1-5% Na.sub.2O; (g) 0.1-5% MnO.sub.2, wherein the weight ratio of sodium oxide to manganese dioxide is 0.1-10; (h) 0.1-100 ppm of at least one element or oxide of Pb, Pt, Pd, Ag, Au, Sn; and no binder is added during the preparation of the catalyst. The low steam-to-oil ratio ethylbenzene dehydrogenation catalyst provided by the present invention contains no binder and maintains high strength, and has high activity and stability at low steam-to-oil ratio.

A photocatalyst partial oxidation of methanol reforming process can be rapidly started via the use of a photocatalytic reaction at a reaction temperature below 150 C., and hydrogen having a low carbon monoxide content is produced at a high methanol conversion rate.

A photocatalyst partial oxidation of methanol reforming process can be rapidly started via the use of a photocatalytic reaction at a reaction temperature below 150 C., and hydrogen having a low carbon monoxide content is produced at a high methanol conversion rate.

The present invention discloses a method for preparing the nano-porous oxide-noble metal composite material by deoxidation, comprising dissolving the noble metal ion or fine particles, the oxide salt to be dissolved and the target oxide salt in the pure water in a proportion to form the mixed solution, adding the surface active agent, and stirring magnetically; dropping the precipitant gradually to form the precipitate, stirring for 4 h, separating and cleaning the precipitate, and drying, grinding and calcining at a high temperature; corroding fully and dissolving part of the oxide with an etchant, preserving the noble metal and the target oxide, separating, cleaning, drying at 80 C., and heat treating at a high temperature to obtain the nano-porous oxide-noble metal composite material. The present invention has the technological advantages of simple operation, low energy consumption, environmental protection and suitable for batching, etc.

The present invention discloses a method for preparing the nano-porous oxide-noble metal composite material by deoxidation, comprising dissolving the noble metal ion or fine particles, the oxide salt to be dissolved and the target oxide salt in the pure water in a proportion to form the mixed solution, adding the surface active agent, and stirring magnetically; dropping the precipitant gradually to form the precipitate, stirring for 4 h, separating and cleaning the precipitate, and drying, grinding and calcining at a high temperature; corroding fully and dissolving part of the oxide with an etchant, preserving the noble metal and the target oxide, separating, cleaning, drying at 80 C., and heat treating at a high temperature to obtain the nano-porous oxide-noble metal composite material. The present invention has the technological advantages of simple operation, low energy consumption, environmental protection and suitable for batching, etc.