A method for preparing C.sub.2 to C.sub.5 paraffins including introducing a feed stream of hydrogen gas and a carbon-containing gas selected from carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and mixtures thereof into a reaction zone of a reactor. Converting the feed stream into a product stream that includes C.sub.2 to C.sub.5 paraffins in the reaction zone in the presence of a hybrid catalyst. The hybrid catalyst including a microporous catalyst component; and a metal oxide catalyst component. The metal oxide catalyst component including a metal component present on a metal oxide support material. The metal oxide support material includes at least one oxide of a metal selected from Group 4 of the IUPAC periodic table of elements. The product stream has a C.sub.3/C.sub.2 carbon molar ratio greater than or equal to 4.0.

Methods, systems, and compositions related to the recycling and/or recovery of activating materials from activated aluminum are disclosed. In one embodiment, an aqueous solution's composition may be controlled to maintain aluminum ions dissolved in solution during reaction of an activated aluminum. In another embodiment, aluminum hydroxide containing the activating materials may be dissolved into an aqueous solution to isolate the activating materials.

Methods, systems, and compositions related to the recycling and/or recovery of activating materials from activated aluminum are disclosed. In one embodiment, an aqueous solution's composition may be controlled to maintain aluminum ions dissolved in solution during reaction of an activated aluminum. In another embodiment, aluminum hydroxide containing the activating materials may be dissolved into an aqueous solution to isolate the activating materials.

Catalysts, catalytic materials having catalysts present on supports and catalytic methods are provided. The catalysts, catalytic material and methods are useful in a variety of catalytic reactions, for example, the oxidative coupling of methane.

Catalysts, catalytic materials having catalysts present on supports and catalytic methods are provided. The catalysts, catalytic material and methods are useful in a variety of catalytic reactions, for example, the oxidative coupling of methane.