A system and a method for isomerizing a 2-butene feed stream to form a 1-butene product stream are provided. An exemplary method includes calcining the red mud, flowing a butene feedstock over the red mud in an isomerization reactor, and separating 1-butene from a reactor effluent.

Disclosed is a method for production of synthesis gas and ethylene by a combined oxidative coupling and dry reforming of methane process. Heat generated from the oxidative coupling of methane can be used to drive the endothermic dry reforming of methane reaction.

Disclosed is a method for production of synthesis gas and ethylene by a combined oxidative coupling and dry reforming of methane process. Heat generated from the oxidative coupling of methane can be used to drive the endothermic dry reforming of methane reaction.

The present disclosure relates to metal oxide catalyst materials useful, for example, in the ammoxidation of propylene or isobutylene, processes for making them, and processes for making acrylonitrile and methacrylonitrile using such catalyst materials. In certain aspects, a catalyst material is a fused composite of a metal oxide catalyst and nanoparticulate silica, the nanoparticulate silica comprising in the range of about 40 wt % to about 80 wt % of silica having a particle size in the range of 10 nm to 35 nm, and in the range of about 20 wt % to about 60 wt % of silica having a particle size in the range of 36 nm to 80 nm. The metal oxide catalyst can be, for example, a molybdenum-containing mixed metal oxide catalyst.

The present disclosure relates to metal oxide catalyst materials useful, for example, in the ammoxidation of propylene or isobutylene, processes for making them, and processes for making acrylonitrile and methacrylonitrile using such catalyst materials. In certain aspects, a catalyst material is a fused composite of a metal oxide catalyst and nanoparticulate silica, the nanoparticulate silica comprising in the range of about 40 wt % to about 80 wt % of silica having a particle size in the range of 10 nm to 35 nm, and in the range of about 20 wt % to about 60 wt % of silica having a particle size in the range of 36 nm to 80 nm. The metal oxide catalyst can be, for example, a molybdenum-containing mixed metal oxide catalyst.

A fuel synthesis catalyst of an embodiment for hydrogenating a gas includes at least one selected from the group consisting of; carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide, the catalyst comprising, an oxide base material containing at least one oxide selected from the group consisting of; Al.sub.2O.sub.3, MgO, TiO.sub.2, and SiO.sub.2, first metal particles containing at least one metal selected from the group consisting of; Ni, Co, Fe, and Cu and brought into contact with the oxide base material, and a porous oxide layer containing at least one selected from the group consisting of; CeO.sub.2, ZrO.sub.2, TiO.sub.2, and SiO.sub.2 and having an interface with each of the first metal particles and the oxide base material.

A fuel synthesis catalyst of an embodiment for hydrogenating a gas includes at least one selected from the group consisting of; carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide, the catalyst comprising, an oxide base material containing at least one oxide selected from the group consisting of; Al.sub.2O.sub.3, MgO, TiO.sub.2, and SiO.sub.2, first metal particles containing at least one metal selected from the group consisting of; Ni, Co, Fe, and Cu and brought into contact with the oxide base material, and a porous oxide layer containing at least one selected from the group consisting of; CeO.sub.2, ZrO.sub.2, TiO.sub.2, and SiO.sub.2 and having an interface with each of the first metal particles and the oxide base material.

Methods for bi-reforming with a red mud catalyst support composition, one method including providing a methane feed in the presence of carbon dioxide and steam to react over the red mud catalyst support composition at increased temperature and increased pressure to produce synthesis gas comprising H.sub.2 and CO, the composition comprising red mud material produced from an alumina extraction process from bauxite ore.

Methods for bi-reforming with a red mud catalyst support composition, one method including providing a methane feed in the presence of carbon dioxide and steam to react over the red mud catalyst support composition at increased temperature and increased pressure to produce synthesis gas comprising H.sub.2 and CO, the composition comprising red mud material produced from an alumina extraction process from bauxite ore.

The present invention provides a process for the preparation of ethene by vapour phase chemical dehydration of a feed-stream comprising ethanol and optionally water and/or ethoxy ethane, said process comprising contacting a dried supported heteropolyacid catalyst in a reactor with the feed-stream having a feed temperature of at least 200° C.; wherein before the supported heteropolyacid catalyst is contacted with the feed-stream having a feed temperature of at least 200° C., the process is initiated by: (i) drying a supported heteropolyacid catalyst in a reactor under a stream of inert gas having a feed temperature of from above 100° C. to 200° C.; and (ii) contacting the dried supported heteropolyacid catalyst with an ethanol-containing vapour stream having a feed temperature of from above 100° C. to 160° C.