A process includes reacting a feed stream containing ethanol and optionally acetaldehyde in a dehydration reactor in the presence of a dehydration catalyst system having a Group 4 or Group 5 metal oxide and a support. The process includes obtaining a product stream containing butadiene from the dehydration reactor. Another process includes reacting a feed stream containing ethanol and optionally acetaldehyde in a dehydration reactor in the presence of a dehydration catalyst system containing a tungsten oxide supported on a zeolite or a tantalum oxide supported on a zeolite. The process includes obtaining a product stream containing butadiene from the dehydration reactor.

An improved SCRoF (selective catalytic reduction on filter) device for treating exhaust from an internal combustion engine. The filter has numerous entry and exit channels. Exhaust enters the entry channels and flows through side walls into the exit channels. Relative to the exhaust flow path, these side walls are coated on the downstream side with a ceria-based catalyst and on the upstream side with a Cu-zeolite catalyst. This allows the filter to optimally achieve both particulate matter oxidation and NOx reduction, respectively.

An improved SCRoF (selective catalytic reduction on filter) device for treating exhaust from an internal combustion engine. The filter has numerous entry and exit channels. Exhaust enters the entry channels and flows through side walls into the exit channels. Relative to the exhaust flow path, these side walls are coated on the downstream side with a ceria-based catalyst and on the upstream side with a Cu-zeolite catalyst. This allows the filter to optimally achieve both particulate matter oxidation and NOx reduction, respectively.

Disclosed is a process for the preparation of 1,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene, comprising: (a) a compound having the formula CF.sub.3-xCl.sub.xCHClCHF.sub.2-yCl.sub.y and in the presence of a compound catalyst, undergoes, through n serially-connected reactors, gas-phase fluorination with hydrogen fluoride, producing 1,2,3-trichloro-1,1,3-trifluoropropane, and 1,2-dichloro-1,1,3,3-tetrafluoropropane; in said formula, x=1, 2 or 3; y=1 or 2, and 3≦x+y≦5; (b) 1,2,3-trichloro-1,1,3-trifluoropropane, and 1,2-dichloro-1,1,3,3-tetrafluoropropane undergo, in the presence of a dehalogenation catalyst, gas-phase dehalogenation with hydrogen, producing 3-chloro-1,3,3-trifluoropropene, and 1,1,3,3-tetrafluoropropene; (c) 3-chloro-1,3,3-trifluoropropene and 1,1,3,3-tetrafluoropropene undergo, in the presence of a fluorination catalyst, gas-phase fluorination with hydrogen fluoride, producing 1,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene. The present invention is primarily used to produce 1,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene.

Disclosed is a process for the preparation of 1,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene, comprising: (a) a compound having the formula CF.sub.3-xCl.sub.xCHClCHF.sub.2-yCl.sub.y and in the presence of a compound catalyst, undergoes, through n serially-connected reactors, gas-phase fluorination with hydrogen fluoride, producing 1,2,3-trichloro-1,1,3-trifluoropropane, and 1,2-dichloro-1,1,3,3-tetrafluoropropane; in said formula, x=1, 2 or 3; y=1 or 2, and 3≦x+y≦5; (b) 1,2,3-trichloro-1,1,3-trifluoropropane, and 1,2-dichloro-1,1,3,3-tetrafluoropropane undergo, in the presence of a dehalogenation catalyst, gas-phase dehalogenation with hydrogen, producing 3-chloro-1,3,3-trifluoropropene, and 1,1,3,3-tetrafluoropropene; (c) 3-chloro-1,3,3-trifluoropropene and 1,1,3,3-tetrafluoropropene undergo, in the presence of a fluorination catalyst, gas-phase fluorination with hydrogen fluoride, producing 1,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene. The present invention is primarily used to produce 1,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene.

Pyrochlore-based solid mixed oxide materials suitable for use in catalysing a hydrocarbon reforming reaction are disclosed, as well as methods of preparing the materials, and their uses in hydrocarbon reforming processes. The materials contain a catalytic quantity of inexpensive nickel and exhibit catalytic properties in dry reforming reactions that are comparable—if not better—than those observed using expensive noble metal-containing catalysts. Moreover, the Pyrochlore-based solid mixed oxide materials can be used in low temperature dry reforming reactions, where other catalysts would become deactivated due to coking. Accordingly, the catalytic materials represent a sizeable development in the industrial-scale reforming of hydrocarbons.

A method of selectively catalysing the reduction of oxides of nitrogen (NO.sub.x) including nitrogen monoxide in an exhaust gas of a stationary source of NO.sub.x emissions also containing oxides of sulfur (SO.sub.x) comprising the steps of passively oxidising nitrogen monoxide to nitrogen dioxide (NO.sub.2) over an oxidation catalyst comprising a platinum group metal so that a NO.sub.2/NO.sub.x content is from 40-60%; introducing a nitrogenous reductant into the exhaust gas; and contacting exhaust gas having the 40-60% NO.sub.2/NO.sub.x content and containing the nitrogenous reductant with a selective catalytic reduction (SCR) catalyst comprising an aluminosilicate zeolite promoted with copper.

A method of selectively catalysing the reduction of oxides of nitrogen (NO.sub.x) including nitrogen monoxide in an exhaust gas of a stationary source of NO.sub.x emissions also containing oxides of sulfur (SO.sub.x) comprising the steps of passively oxidising nitrogen monoxide to nitrogen dioxide (NO.sub.2) over an oxidation catalyst comprising a platinum group metal so that a NO.sub.2/NO.sub.x content is from 40-60%; introducing a nitrogenous reductant into the exhaust gas; and contacting exhaust gas having the 40-60% NO.sub.2/NO.sub.x content and containing the nitrogenous reductant with a selective catalytic reduction (SCR) catalyst comprising an aluminosilicate zeolite promoted with copper.

The present invention relates to a selective catalytic reduction catalyst for the treatment of an exhaust gas of a combustion engine, the catalyst comprising a substrate comprising an inlet end, an outlet end, a substrate axial length extending from the inlet end to the outlet end and a plurality of passages defined by internal walls of the substrate extending therethrough; a coating disposed on the substrate (i), the coating comprising a first non-zeolitic oxidic material comprising aluminum, an 8-membered ring pore zeolitic material comprising one or more of copper and iron, and a second non-zeolitic oxidic material comprising cerium and one or more of zirconium, aluminum, silicon, lanthanum, niobium, iron, manganese, titanium, tungsten, copper, molybdenum, neodymium, cobalt, chromium, tin and praseodymium; wherein at least 65 weight-% of the coating consist of the 8-membered ring pore zeolitic material comprising one or more of copper and iron.

The present invention relates to a selective catalytic reduction catalyst for the treatment of an exhaust gas of a combustion engine, the catalyst comprising a substrate comprising an inlet end, an outlet end, a substrate axial length extending from the inlet end to the outlet end and a plurality of passages defined by internal walls of the substrate extending therethrough; a coating disposed on the substrate (i), the coating comprising a first non-zeolitic oxidic material comprising aluminum, an 8-membered ring pore zeolitic material comprising one or more of copper and iron, and a second non-zeolitic oxidic material comprising cerium and one or more of zirconium, aluminum, silicon, lanthanum, niobium, iron, manganese, titanium, tungsten, copper, molybdenum, neodymium, cobalt, chromium, tin and praseodymium; wherein at least 65 weight-% of the coating consist of the 8-membered ring pore zeolitic material comprising one or more of copper and iron.