A method provides for valorization of naturally abundant organic solid biomass under a specified gas atmosphere with the existence of a catalyst structure. The method effectively converts the organic solid feedstock while producing valuable liquid hydrocarbon products, as well as utilizing methane rich resources, providing an economical and environmental benefit in the oil & gas industry.

A system for continuously treating recycled polymeric material includes a hopper configured to feed the recycled polymeric material into the system. An extruder can turn the recycled polymeric material in a molten material. In some embodiments, the extruder uses thermal fluids, electric heaters, and/or a separate heater. The molten material is depolymerized in a reactor. In some embodiments, a catalyst is used to aid in depolymerizing the material. In certain embodiments, the catalyst is contained in a permeable container. The depolymerized molten material can then be cooled via a heat exchanger. In some embodiments, multiple reactors are used. In certain embodiments, these reactors are connected in series. In some embodiments, the reactor(s) contain removable static mixer(s) and/or removable annular inserts.

A system for continuously treating recycled polymeric material includes a hopper configured to feed the recycled polymeric material into the system. An extruder can turn the recycled polymeric material in a molten material. In some embodiments, the extruder uses thermal fluids, electric heaters, and/or a separate heater. The molten material is depolymerized in a reactor. In some embodiments, a catalyst is used to aid in depolymerizing the material. In certain embodiments, the catalyst is contained in a permeable container. The depolymerized molten material can then be cooled via a heat exchanger. In some embodiments, multiple reactors are used. In certain embodiments, these reactors are connected in series. In some embodiments, the reactor(s) contain removable static mixer(s) and/or removable annular inserts.

The present invention provides a catalyst comprising molybdenum, bismuth, and iron, wherein a reduction rate is in a range of 0.20 to 5.00%.

The present invention provides a catalyst comprising molybdenum, bismuth, and iron, wherein a reduction rate is in a range of 0.20 to 5.00%.

A method of preparing a pure M1 phase MoVTeNbOx catalyst with a high specific surface area, comprising the following steps: S1) mixing and dissolving a molybdenum-containing compound, a vanadium-containing compound, a tellurium-containing compound, a niobium-containing compound and a protective agent to obtain a precursor-protective agent mixed solution, in which the protective agent is a surfactant or a small molecule organic acid and a salt thereof; S2) subjecting the precursor-protective agent mixed solution to a hydrothermal reaction to separate out a solid; S3) calcining the solid in an air atmosphere, followed by calcining the same in an inert gas, and then performing a hydrogen peroxide purification treatment to obtain a pure M1 phase MoVTeNbOx catalyst. The MoVTeNbOx composite oxide catalyst synthesized by the method has high pore volume and high specific surface area, and exhibits an excellent conversion rate, selectivity, space time yield and stability in the oxidative dehydrogenation reaction of ethane for preparing ethylene.

A method of preparing a pure M1 phase MoVTeNbOx catalyst with a high specific surface area, comprising the following steps: S1) mixing and dissolving a molybdenum-containing compound, a vanadium-containing compound, a tellurium-containing compound, a niobium-containing compound and a protective agent to obtain a precursor-protective agent mixed solution, in which the protective agent is a surfactant or a small molecule organic acid and a salt thereof; S2) subjecting the precursor-protective agent mixed solution to a hydrothermal reaction to separate out a solid; S3) calcining the solid in an air atmosphere, followed by calcining the same in an inert gas, and then performing a hydrogen peroxide purification treatment to obtain a pure M1 phase MoVTeNbOx catalyst. The MoVTeNbOx composite oxide catalyst synthesized by the method has high pore volume and high specific surface area, and exhibits an excellent conversion rate, selectivity, space time yield and stability in the oxidative dehydrogenation reaction of ethane for preparing ethylene.

Methods of producing a catalyst for oxidation of C.sub.2 hydrocarbons and methods of using the catalyst are disclosed. Molybdenum, vanadium, and niobium metal or metal containing compounds are used to form a slurry in water. After agitating the slurry for at least 15 minutes, palladium or a palladium containing compound is added to the slurry. After further agitation, a precipitate is collected, dried and calcined to obtain an active catalyst, with palladium primarily distributed on a surface of the catalyst. The active catalyst is capable of catalyzing the conversion of C.sub.2 hydrocarbons into acetic acid.

Methods of producing a catalyst for oxidation of C.sub.2 hydrocarbons and methods of using the catalyst are disclosed. Molybdenum, vanadium, and niobium metal or metal containing compounds are used to form a slurry in water. After agitating the slurry for at least 15 minutes, palladium or a palladium containing compound is added to the slurry. After further agitation, a precipitate is collected, dried and calcined to obtain an active catalyst, with palladium primarily distributed on a surface of the catalyst. The active catalyst is capable of catalyzing the conversion of C.sub.2 hydrocarbons into acetic acid.

Embodiments of the present disclosure are directed to hydrogen-selective oxygen carrier materials and methods of using hydrogen-selective oxygen carrier materials. The hydrogen-selective oxygen carrier material may comprise a core material, which includes a redox-active transition metal oxide; a shell material, which includes one or more alkali transition metal oxides; and a support material. The shell material may be in direct contact with at least a majority of an outer surface of the core material. At least a portion of the core material may be in direct contact with the support material. The hydrogen-selective oxygen carrier material may be selective to combust hydrogen in an environment that includes hydrogen and hydrocarbons.