The invention relates to a process of the oxidative dehydrogenation of an alkane containing 2 to 6 carbon atoms and/or the oxidation of an alkene containing 2 to 6 carbon atoms, wherein oxygen, water and the alkane and/or alkene are fed to a reactor and are contacted with a mixed metal oxide catalyst containing molybdenum, vanadium, niobium and optionally tellurium in the reactor, and wherein the molar ratio of water as fed to the reactor to oxygen as fed to the reactor is smaller than 1:1.

The invention relates to a process of the oxidative dehydrogenation of an alkane containing 2 to 6 carbon atoms and/or the oxidation of an alkene containing 2 to 6 carbon atoms, wherein oxygen, water and the alkane and/or alkene are fed to a reactor and are contacted with a mixed metal oxide catalyst containing molybdenum, vanadium, niobium and optionally tellurium in the reactor, and wherein the molar ratio of water as fed to the reactor to oxygen as fed to the reactor is smaller than 1:1.

The present invention provides a method for efficiently producing 1-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoropropene from a low-reactivity intermediate product. More specifically, provided is a method for producing trans-1-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoropropene, characterized by reacting a halogenated C.sub.3 hydrocarbon compound represented by the following general formula (1) with hydrogen fluoride in a gas phase in the presence of a solid catalyst and chlorine
C.sub.3H.sub.XCl.sub.YF.sub.Z(1)
wherein X is 2 or 3; when X=2, Y is an integer of 1 to 4, Z is an integer of 0 to 3, and Y+Z=4; and, when X=3, Y is an integer of 1 to 5, Z is an integer of 0 to 4, and Y+Z=5; provided that the general formula (1) represents any halogenated C.sub.3 hydrocarbon compound other than trans-1-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoropropene.

A catalyst, useful for oxidative dehydrogenation of ethane, comprising molybdenum, vanadium, tellurium, tantalum, and oxygen, prepared using a stage hydrothermal synthesis procedure, is provided. The catalyst comprises from 30 to 50 wt. % amorphous content and may be combined with a support/carrier material to form a catalyst material. The described catalysts and catalyst materials demonstrate high selectivity for ethylene at higher temperatures, show little to no decline in conversion and selectivity over time, and do not appear to be sensitive to low residual oxygen concentrations.

A hydroprocessing catalyst or catalyst precursor has been developed. The catalyst is a transition metal molybdotungstate material or metal sulfides derived therefrom. The hydroprocessing using the transition metal molybdotungstate material may include hydrodenitrification, hydrodesulfurization, hydrodemetallation, hydrodesilication, hydrodearomatization, hydroisomerization, hydrotreating, hydrofining, and hydrocracking.

A hydroprocessing catalyst or catalyst precursor has been developed. The catalyst is a transition metal molybdotungstate material or metal sulfides derived therefrom. The hydroprocessing using the transition metal molybdotungstate material may include hydrodenitrification, hydrodesulfurization, hydrodemetallation, hydrodesilication, hydrodearomatization, hydroisomerization, hydrotreating, hydrofining, and hydrocracking.

A composite photocatalyst is provided. The composite photocatalyst includes a nanomotor and a plurality of cocatalysts, the nanomotor comprises a shell formed by porous material, at least one inner core formed by a photocatalyst, and a cavity between the shell and the at least one inner core, the plurality of cocatalysts are located in the cavity. The plurality of cocatalysts are selected from the group consisting of metal nanoparticles, metal oxide nanoparticles, metal sulfide nanoparticles, phosphate nanoparticles, up-conversion material nanoparticles, and any combination thereof. A method for making the composite photocatalyst and application thereof are further provided. The plurality of cocatalysts and the nanomotor forms a photocatalytic synergistic reaction system, improving photo-catalytic activity of the composite photocatalyst.

A composite photocatalyst is provided. The composite photocatalyst includes a nanomotor and a plurality of cocatalysts, the nanomotor comprises a shell formed by porous material, at least one inner core formed by a photocatalyst, and a cavity between the shell and the at least one inner core, the plurality of cocatalysts are located in the cavity. The plurality of cocatalysts are selected from the group consisting of metal nanoparticles, metal oxide nanoparticles, metal sulfide nanoparticles, phosphate nanoparticles, up-conversion material nanoparticles, and any combination thereof. A method for making the composite photocatalyst and application thereof are further provided. The plurality of cocatalysts and the nanomotor forms a photocatalytic synergistic reaction system, improving photo-catalytic activity of the composite photocatalyst.

Oxidative dehydrogenation catalysts comprising MoVNbTeO having improved consistency of composition and a 25% conversion of ethylene at less than 420 C. and a selectivity to ethylene above 95% are prepared by treating the catalyst precursor with H.sub.2O.sub.2 in an amount equivalent to 0.30-2.8 mL H.sub.2O.sub.2 of a 30% solution per gram of catalyst precursor prior to calcining and treating the resulting catalyst with the equivalent amount of peroxide after calcining.

Oxidative dehydrogenation catalysts comprising MoVNbTeO having improved consistency of composition and a 25% conversion of ethylene at less than 420 C. and a selectivity to ethylene above 95% are prepared by treating the catalyst precursor with H.sub.2O.sub.2 in an amount equivalent to 0.30-2.8 mL H.sub.2O.sub.2 of a 30% solution per gram of catalyst precursor prior to calcining and treating the resulting catalyst with the equivalent amount of peroxide after calcining.