A method for producing butadiene comprises a step of obtaining a product gas containing butadiene, by feeding a raw-material gas containing straight-chain butene and an oxygen-containing gas containing molecular oxygen to a reactor and performing oxidative dehydrogenation reaction in the presence of a catalyst, wherein the catalyst comprises a composite oxide containing molybdenum and bismuth, and the concentration of hydrocarbons having 5 or more carbon atoms in the raw-material gas is 0.05 mol % to 7.0 mol %.

The present disclosure provides a multi-metallic catalyst system comprising at least one support, and at least one promoter component and an active component comprising at least two metals uniformly dispersed on the support. The present disclosure also provides a process for preparing the multi-metallic catalyst system. Further, the present disclosure provides a process for preparing upgraded fuel from biomass. The process is carried out in two steps. In the first step, a biomass slurry is prepared and is heated in the presence of hydrogen and a multi-metallic catalyst that comprises at least one support, at least one promoter component, and an active component comprising at least two metals to obtain crude biofuel as an intermediate product. The intermediate product obtained in the first step is then cooled and filtered to obtain a filtered intermediate product. In the second step, the filtered intermediate product is hydrogenated in the presence of the multi-metallic catalyst to obtain the upgraded fuel. The fuel obtained from the process of the present disclosure is devoid of heteroatoms such as oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur.

The present disclosure provides a multi-metallic catalyst system comprising at least one support, and at least one promoter component and an active component comprising at least two metals uniformly dispersed on the support. The present disclosure also provides a process for preparing the multi-metallic catalyst system. Further, the present disclosure provides a process for preparing upgraded fuel from biomass. The process is carried out in two steps. In the first step, a biomass slurry is prepared and is heated in the presence of hydrogen and a multi-metallic catalyst that comprises at least one support, at least one promoter component, and an active component comprising at least two metals to obtain crude biofuel as an intermediate product. The intermediate product obtained in the first step is then cooled and filtered to obtain a filtered intermediate product. In the second step, the filtered intermediate product is hydrogenated in the presence of the multi-metallic catalyst to obtain the upgraded fuel. The fuel obtained from the process of the present disclosure is devoid of heteroatoms such as oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur.

Nickel based catalyst structures are described herein that include a plurality of metal oxides formed as crystalline phases within the catalyst structures. Each metal oxide of a catalyst structure includes nickel and/or aluminum, where one or more metal oxides includes a nickel aluminum oxide, and the one or more nickel aluminum oxides is greater than 50% by weight of the catalyst structure. The catalyst structures further have surface areas of at least 13 m.sup.2/g. The catalyst structures are resistant to high concentrations of sulfur and are effective in reforming operations for converting methane and other light hydrocarbons to hydrogen and one or more other components. For example, the catalyst structures are effective in coal and biomass gasification systems for the forming and cleanup of synthetic gas.

Nickel based catalyst structures are described herein that include a plurality of metal oxides formed as crystalline phases within the catalyst structures. Each metal oxide of a catalyst structure includes nickel and/or aluminum, where one or more metal oxides includes a nickel aluminum oxide, and the one or more nickel aluminum oxides is greater than 50% by weight of the catalyst structure. The catalyst structures further have surface areas of at least 13 m.sup.2/g. The catalyst structures are resistant to high concentrations of sulfur and are effective in reforming operations for converting methane and other light hydrocarbons to hydrogen and one or more other components. For example, the catalyst structures are effective in coal and biomass gasification systems for the forming and cleanup of synthetic gas.

The hydrogenation catalyst for heavy hydrocarbon oil includes: at least one of metals in Group 6 of the periodic table being held by a zinc-containing alumina carrier containing 1% by mass to 15% by mass of zinc oxide particles having an average particle diameter of 2 ?m to 12 ?m based on the carrier; the average pore diameter being 18 nm to 35 nm, and the specific surface area being 70 m.sup.2/g to 150 m.sup.2/g. Also, the hydrogenation method for heavy hydrocarbon oil, includes, a catalytic reaction of heavy hydrocarbon oil in the presence of the hydrogenation catalyst, under the conditions of a temperature of 300? C. to 420? C., a pressure of 3 MPa to 20 MPa, a hydrogen/oil ratio of 400 m.sup.3/m.sup.3 to 3,000 m.sup.3/m.sup.3, and a liquid space velocity of 0.1 h.sup.?1 to 3 h.sup.?1.

The hydrogenation catalyst for heavy hydrocarbon oil includes: at least one of metals in Group 6 of the periodic table being held by a zinc-containing alumina carrier containing 1% by mass to 15% by mass of zinc oxide particles having an average particle diameter of 2 ?m to 12 ?m based on the carrier; the average pore diameter being 18 nm to 35 nm, and the specific surface area being 70 m.sup.2/g to 150 m.sup.2/g. Also, the hydrogenation method for heavy hydrocarbon oil, includes, a catalytic reaction of heavy hydrocarbon oil in the presence of the hydrogenation catalyst, under the conditions of a temperature of 300? C. to 420? C., a pressure of 3 MPa to 20 MPa, a hydrogen/oil ratio of 400 m.sup.3/m.sup.3 to 3,000 m.sup.3/m.sup.3, and a liquid space velocity of 0.1 h.sup.?1 to 3 h.sup.?1.

The present invention relates to a method for producing a supported catalyst, a catalyst which is obtainable using the method, and use thereof for the partial oxidation or ammoxidation of olefins, in particular for the oxidation of propene to acrolein, of isobutene to methacrolein, and/or the ammoxidation of propene to acrylonitrile. The method according to the invention includes the following steps: a) providing a solution in which precursor compounds of the catalytically active component are essentially completely dissolved in a suitable solvent; b) bringing the solution obtained in step a) into contact with a (chemically) inert, porous support having a specific surface of 1 to 500 m.sup.2/g; c) heat treatment of the material obtained in step b), in which the precursor compounds of the catalytically active component are converted to their oxides.

The present invention relates to a method for producing a supported catalyst, a catalyst which is obtainable using the method, and use thereof for the partial oxidation or ammoxidation of olefins, in particular for the oxidation of propene to acrolein, of isobutene to methacrolein, and/or the ammoxidation of propene to acrylonitrile. The method according to the invention includes the following steps: a) providing a solution in which precursor compounds of the catalytically active component are essentially completely dissolved in a suitable solvent; b) bringing the solution obtained in step a) into contact with a (chemically) inert, porous support having a specific surface of 1 to 500 m.sup.2/g; c) heat treatment of the material obtained in step b), in which the precursor compounds of the catalytically active component are converted to their oxides.

The present invention provides catalysts, methods, and reactor systems for converting oxygenated hydrocarbons to oxygenated compounds. The invention includes methods for producing cyclic ethers, monooxygenates, dioxygenates, ketones, aldehydes, carboxylic acids, and alcohols from oxygenated hydrocarbons, such as carbohydrates, sugars, sugar alcohols, sugar degradation products, and the like, using catalysts containing Group VIII metals. The oxygenated compounds produced are useful in the production of liquid fuels, chemicals, and other products.