The present disclosure relates to a composition that includes, in order: a first layer that includes MA.sub.w; a second layer that includes MO.sub.yA.sub.z; and a third layer that includes MO.sub.x, where M includes a transition metal, A includes at least one of sulfur, selenium, and/or tellurium, w is between greater than zero and less than or equal to five, x is between greater than zero and less than or equal to five, y is between greater than zero and less than or equal to five, and z is between greater than zero and less than or equal to five. In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the transition metal may include at least one of molybdenum and/or tungsten. In some embodiments of the present disclosure, A may be sulfur.

The invention relates to a process of the oxidative dehydrogenation of an alkane containing 2 to 6 carbon atoms and/or the oxidation of an alkene containing 2 to 6 carbon atoms, wherein a gas stream comprising oxygen and the alkane and/or alkene is contacted with a mixed metal oxide catalyst containing molybdenum, vanadium, niobium and optionally tellurium, and wherein the weight hourly space velocity is of from 2.1 to 25.0 hr.sup.?1 and the temperature is of from 300 to 500? C.

The invention relates to a process of the oxidative dehydrogenation of an alkane containing 2 to 6 carbon atoms and/or the oxidation of an alkene containing 2 to 6 carbon atoms, wherein a gas stream comprising oxygen and the alkane and/or alkene is contacted with a mixed metal oxide catalyst containing molybdenum, vanadium, niobium and optionally tellurium, and wherein the weight hourly space velocity is of from 2.1 to 25.0 hr.sup.?1 and the temperature is of from 300 to 500? C.

The present invention provides a production method of a 3-cyanopyrrole compound possibly useful as an intermediate for pharmaceutical products. A production method of compound (II) including subjecting compound (I) to a reduction reaction, in which the aforementioned reduction reaction is continuous hydrogenation reaction in a fixed bed reactor filled with a supported metal catalyst. A production method of compound (III) including subjecting compound (I) to a reduction reaction followed by a cyclization reaction, in which the aforementioned reduction reaction is continuous hydrogenation reaction in a fixed bed reactor filled with a supported metal catalyst.

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Provided is a method for producing an unsaturated aldehyde and/or an unsaturated carboxylic acid, which enables one to achieve an operation stably over a long period of time while improving an effective yield, even in a high-load reaction, and in the method for producing an unsaturated aldehyde and/or an unsaturated carboxylic acid, multilayer filling of stacking two or more catalyst layers each containing a complex metal oxide catalyst in the axial direction of the tube under specified conditions is performed, and the catalyst layer on the most gas outlet side in the tube axis contains a catalyst containing a compound represented by a specified formulation formula.

Provided is a method for producing an unsaturated aldehyde and/or an unsaturated carboxylic acid, which enables one to achieve an operation stably over a long period of time while improving an effective yield, even in a high-load reaction, and in the method for producing an unsaturated aldehyde and/or an unsaturated carboxylic acid, multilayer filling of stacking two or more catalyst layers each containing a complex metal oxide catalyst in the axial direction of the tube under specified conditions is performed, and the catalyst layer on the most gas outlet side in the tube axis contains a catalyst containing a compound represented by a specified formulation formula.

The present development is a metal particle coated nanowire catalyst for use in the hydrodesulfurization of fuels and a process for the production of the catalyst. The catalyst comprises titanium(IV) oxide nanowires wherein the nanowires are produced by exposure of a TiO.sub.2KOH paste to microwave radiation. Metal particles selected from the group consisting of molybdenum, nickel, cobalt, tungsten, or a combination thereof, are impregnated on the metal oxide nanowire surface. The metal impregnated nanowires are sulfided to produce catalytically-active metal particles on the surface of the nanowires The catalysts of the present invention are intended for use in the removal of thiophenic sulfur from liquid fuels through a hydrodesulfurization (HDS) process in a fixed bed reactor. The presence of nanowires improves the HDS activity and reduces the sintering effect, therefore, the sulfur removal efficiency increases.

The present development is a metal particle coated nanowire catalyst for use in the hydrodesulfurization of fuels and a process for the production of the catalyst. The catalyst comprises titanium(IV) oxide nanowires wherein the nanowires are produced by exposure of a TiO.sub.2KOH paste to microwave radiation. Metal particles selected from the group consisting of molybdenum, nickel, cobalt, tungsten, or a combination thereof, are impregnated on the metal oxide nanowire surface. The metal impregnated nanowires are sulfided to produce catalytically-active metal particles on the surface of the nanowires The catalysts of the present invention are intended for use in the removal of thiophenic sulfur from liquid fuels through a hydrodesulfurization (HDS) process in a fixed bed reactor. The presence of nanowires improves the HDS activity and reduces the sintering effect, therefore, the sulfur removal efficiency increases.

New sulfide metal catalysts are described, containing Ni, Mo and W, an element Z selected from Si, Al and mixtures thereof, and possibly an organic residue, obtained by sulfidation of mixed oxide precursors, also new, characterized in that they comprise an amorphous phase and a wolframite iso structural crystalline phase, the crystallinity degree of said mixed oxides being higher than 0 and lower than 100%, preferably higher than 0 and lower than 70%. The catalysts of the invention are useful as hydrotreatment catalysts, and in particular as hydrodesulfurization, hydrodenitrogenation and/or hydrodearomatization catalysts.

New sulfide metal catalysts are described, containing Ni, Mo and W, an element Z selected from Si, Al and mixtures thereof, and possibly an organic residue, obtained by sulfidation of mixed oxide precursors, also new, characterized in that they comprise an amorphous phase and a wolframite iso structural crystalline phase, the crystallinity degree of said mixed oxides being higher than 0 and lower than 100%, preferably higher than 0 and lower than 70%. The catalysts of the invention are useful as hydrotreatment catalysts, and in particular as hydrodesulfurization, hydrodenitrogenation and/or hydrodearomatization catalysts.