A method for processing an oligomerization product stream includes discharging the oligomerization product stream from an oligomerization reactor through a product outlet line, and heating the oligomerization product stream, heating a wall of the product outlet line, or both. The oligomerization product stream includes solvent, linear alpha olefins, a polymer byproduct, or a combination of at least one of the foregoing. The heating is to a temperature that is greater than the melting temperature of the polymer byproduct present in the oligomerization product stream.

The present application is directed to a supported rare earth-catalyst. This catalyst comprises a metal oxide support having Br?nsted acid sites and a rare earth element-catalyst. The rare earth element-catalyst is bound to the Br?nsted acid sites on the metal oxide support. The present application is also directed to methods of making supported rare earth-catalyst and methods for borylation of hydrocarbons using the supported rare earth-catalyst.

The present invention is directed to processes for catalyzing two or more chemical reactions with a multifunctional catalyst in a reaction vessel. The processes include steps for introducing one or more reagents to a reaction vessel containing a multifunctional catalyst; contacting the one or more reagents with a first portion of the multifunctional catalyst to produce an intermediate; contacting the intermediate with a second portion of the multifunctional catalyst to produce a product; and removing the product from the reaction vessel. In certain embodiments, the multifunctional catalyst may have a first portion with carbonylation functionality for catalyzing the production of a beta-lactone intermediate from an epoxide reagent and a carbon monoxide reagent. In certain embodiments, the multifunctional catalyst may have a second portion with a functionality suitable for polymerization, co-polymerization, and/or modification of a beta-lactone intermediate. In preferred embodiments, the first portion and second portion are bonded to a heterogenous support.

The present invention is directed to catalysts and processes for catalyzing two or more chemical reactions with a multifunctional catalyst in a reaction vessel. The processes include steps for introducing one or more reagents to a reaction vessel containing a multifunctional catalyst; contacting the one or more reagents with a first portion of the multifunctional catalyst to produce an intermediate; contacting the intermediate with a second portion of the multifunctional catalyst to produce a product; and removing the product from the reaction vessel. In certain embodiments, the multifunctional catalyst may have a first portion with carbonylation functionality for catalyzing the production of a beta-lactone intermediate from an epoxide reagent and a carbon monoxide reagent. In certain embodiments, the multifunctional catalyst may have a second portion with a functionality suitable for polymerization, co-polymerization, and/or modification of a beta-lactone intermediate. In preferred embodiments, the first portion and second portion are bonded to a heterogenous support.

Catalyst and initiator compounds for precision polymerization of Michael-type monomers, precatalytic bridged complexes, such as those having formula R.sub.1R.sub.2M.sub.Z1P.sub.Z2 or R.sub.1R.sub.2M.sub.z1S.sub.z, a system for precision polymerization, as well as processes for precision polymerization of Michael-type monomers, a process for preparing a bridged initiator and catalyst, a process for preparing a luminescent component, and polymers and components obtainable with the processes of the present invention are described.

The present invention relates to the field of polymerisation catalysts, and systems comprising these catalysts for polymerising carbon dioxide and an epoxide, a lactide and/or lactone, and/or an epoxide and an anhydride. The catalyst is of formula (I):

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wherein at least one of M.sub.1 or M.sub.2 is selected from Ni(II) and Ni(III)-X. A process for the reaction of carbon dioxide with an epoxide; an epoxide and an anhydride; and/or a lactide and/or a lactone in the presence of the catalyst is also described.

The present disclosure provides novel methods of making aluminum complexes with utility for promoting epoxide carbonylation reactions. Methods include reacting neutral metal carbonyl compounds with alkylaluminum complexes.

The present invention relates to a method for preparing an oligomerization catalyst system and the method comprises preparing a catalyst composition by mixing a PNP-based ligand compound and a transition metal compound, and mixing and activating a co-catalyst and the catalyst composition at a temperature from 40 to 80 C. The oligomerization catalyst system prepared by the method may maintain the activity thereof during an oligomerization reaction at a high temperature, and the reaction temperature of oligomerization may be easily controlled. Various merits in processing may be obtained.

A method can prepare a carboxylic ester. The method includes reacting an aldehyde in the presence of an aluminium alkoxide applied to a support material.

Provided are an antifouling composition including a tetrafunctional silane-based compound (A) having a specified structure, a trifunctional silane-based compound (B) having a specified structure, and a metal catalyst (C) containing one or more metal atoms selected from titanium, aluminum, and zinc, which does not require light irradiation for revealing a catalytic action; an antifouling sheet including an antifouling layer formed of the antifouling composition; and a method for producing the same.