Process comprising the process steps of:

a) initially charging a pentenoic ester,
b) adding a ligand of structure 1 or 2:

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and a compound comprising a metal atom selected from: Rh, Ru, Co, Ir,
c) supplying H.sub.2 and CO,
d) heating the reaction mixture to convert the pentenoic ester to 5-formylpentanoic esters.

Various embodiments disclosed relate to a method of oxidizing sulfur-containing compounds. The method involves contacting a sulfur-containing compound with a helmet phthalocyaninato-type catalyst in the presence of an oxidant. The present invention also provides a method of removing undesired sulfur-containing compounds from a fluid, such as natural gas, crude oil or an aqueous waste stream.

A method of measuring nitrate concentration in an aqueous sample include mixing the aqueous sample with a water-soluble thioether compound including a chromophore group in the presence of a water soluble catalyst; measuring a color change, and correlating the color change to nitrate concentration.

Provided herein are palladium (Pd) catalysts with improved performance in biological environments. In particular, formulations, methods of preparations, and storage conditions are provided that provide improved performance of Pd catalysts under protein-rich conditions.

Described herein are methods, compositions and kits utilizing heterogeneous metal catalysts for the preparation of cycloaddition compounds, such as triazoles and biomolecules.

Object of the present invention is an improved process for the preparation of Elsicarbazepine and Eslicarbazepine acetate by means of chiral Ruthenium catalysts.

The invention relates to a continuous method for producing formic acid from CO.sub.2 and extracting the formic acid using compressed CO.sub.2.

The present invention relates to a novel process for the iridium-catalysed hydrogenation of oximes. The invention also relates to novel iridium catalysts for use in the iridium-catalysed hydrogenation of oximes and to processes of preparation of these catalysts. The invention further relates to the use of the novel iridium catalysts in ionic hydrogenation of other unsaturated substrates.