Methods for forming black phosphorus alloys and exfoliating black phosphorus alloys. A method for forming black phosphorus alloys includes providing phosphorus inside a vessel and providing an element inside the vessel. Media is provided inside the vessel and the phosphorus, the element, and the media are sealed under a gas within the vessel. The phosphorus and the element are mechanically milled with the media to produce black phosphorus that is covalently bonded with the element. A method for exfoliating a black phosphorus alloy includes mixing a milled black phosphorus alloy with a solvent and mixing a milled black phosphorus alloy with a solvent. The milled black phosphorus alloy and solvent mixture are then extracted from the milling apparatus, which may be a planetary ball mill, a vibratory mill, a tumbler ball mill, a mixer mill, a rod mill, an attrition mill, or a shaker mill.

A comminuting device of biological material and relative method for comminuting and preparing cellular preparations are described.

A comminuting device of biological material and relative method for comminuting and preparing cellular preparations are described.

The proposed multifunctional hydrodynamic vortex type reactor includes —a housing having curvilinear inner sidewalls, —a base attached to the housing, an inverse taper narrowing downward and attached to the top of housing, —a supporting tube passing at least through the housing and base, —a set of washers tapered downward and mounted on an outer surface of the supporting tube such that outer upper edges of the set of washers and the inner sidewalls form predetermined gaps therebetween, and —a number of inlets tangentially attached to the base for introducing, under external pressure, a solid substance and a liquid (or a suspension of their mixture) thereinto, forming a circulating flow therein. The flow forms a high speed bypassing cavitation zone and, changing its direction at the inverse taper, forms a vortex cavitation zone, providing for mixing and grinding the substance up to nanoscale sizes. Methods for intensifying cavitation are also provided.

The proposed multifunctional hydrodynamic vortex type reactor includes —a housing having curvilinear inner sidewalls, —a base attached to the housing, an inverse taper narrowing downward and attached to the top of housing, —a supporting tube passing at least through the housing and base, —a set of washers tapered downward and mounted on an outer surface of the supporting tube such that outer upper edges of the set of washers and the inner sidewalls form predetermined gaps therebetween, and —a number of inlets tangentially attached to the base for introducing, under external pressure, a solid substance and a liquid (or a suspension of their mixture) thereinto, forming a circulating flow therein. The flow forms a high speed bypassing cavitation zone and, changing its direction at the inverse taper, forms a vortex cavitation zone, providing for mixing and grinding the substance up to nanoscale sizes. Methods for intensifying cavitation are also provided.

The present invention provides a preparation method for a carotenoid preparation having high bioavailability and high stability, comprising the following steps: a) dissolving part of a water-soluble colloid and a filling substance in water to form an aqueous phase; b) adding a carotenoid crystal to the aqueous phase and stirring for dispersion so as to form a dispersion liquid; c) loading the dispersion liquid into a first-stage grinding machine for first grinding to form a first-stage grinding liquid; d) adding the remaining water-soluble colloid and filling substance to the first-stage grinding liquid, loading same into a second grinding machine for secondary grinding to obtain a second-stage grinding liquid; and e) drying the moisture in the second-stage grinding liquid to obtain carotenoid dry powder or particles.

The present invention provides a preparation method for a carotenoid preparation having high bioavailability and high stability, comprising the following steps: a) dissolving part of a water-soluble colloid and a filling substance in water to form an aqueous phase; b) adding a carotenoid crystal to the aqueous phase and stirring for dispersion so as to form a dispersion liquid; c) loading the dispersion liquid into a first-stage grinding machine for first grinding to form a first-stage grinding liquid; d) adding the remaining water-soluble colloid and filling substance to the first-stage grinding liquid, loading same into a second grinding machine for secondary grinding to obtain a second-stage grinding liquid; and e) drying the moisture in the second-stage grinding liquid to obtain carotenoid dry powder or particles.

The invention relates to macerator for processing a slurry, the macerator comprising an inlet configured to receive a flow of inlet slurry comprising particles having an average particle size of less than 20 mm, an outlet, two or more bodies that rotate relative to each other, each body comprising a plurality of apertures to define a flow path through each body, wherein the slurry traverses the flow path from the macerator inlet to the macerator outlet via the at least one aperture of each body to produce an outlet slurry.

The invention relates to macerator for processing a slurry, the macerator comprising an inlet configured to receive a flow of inlet slurry comprising particles having an average particle size of less than 20 mm, an outlet, two or more bodies that rotate relative to each other, each body comprising a plurality of apertures to define a flow path through each body, wherein the slurry traverses the flow path from the macerator inlet to the macerator outlet via the at least one aperture of each body to produce an outlet slurry.

A process for recovering materials from a black mass material obtained from lithium-ion batteries can include: i) conveying a black mass material as a black mass solid stream; ii) leaching the black mass solid stream to form a pregnant leach solution and residual solids; iii) separating the pregnant leach solution from the residual solids; iv) isolating a copper product from the pregnant leach solution; v) isolating an aluminum (Al) and/or iron (Fe) product from the pregnant leach solution; vi) isolating a manganese (Mn) product from the from the pregnant leach solution; vii) isolating a cobalt (Co) product from the from the pregnant leach solution; viii) isolating a nickel (Ni) product from the from the pregnant leach solution; ix) isolating a salt by-product from the pregnant leach solution; and x) isolating a lithium product the pregnant leach solution.