This invention relates generally to an article that includes a non-wetting surface having a dynamic contact angle of at least about 90. The surface is patterned with macro-scale features configured to induce controlled asymmetry in a liquid film produced by impingement of a droplet onto the surface, thereby reducing time of contact between the droplet and the surface.

A process for preparing contact lens with film by plasma UV induced grafting polymerization is disclosed to plasma-modification on contact lens to form hydrophilic functional groups on said contact lens surface, and then to immerse said contact lens in a solution of the mixture of NVP, PEGMA and photoinitiator, and then remove said contact lens from said solution and expose said contact lens to an ultraviolet light from an ultraviolet device to form a thin film on said contact lens surface. Through the thin film, the contact lens can have good hydrophilicity and anti-fouling properties, so when the patient wear said contact lens, he or she does not feel uncomfortable foreign body sensation, significantly reducing deposit and corneal infection risk.

The invention provides a structural base that includes a coating film on at least a portion of the surface thereof, the coating film having a difference between the maximum film thickness and the minimum film thickness of not more than 1000 . A method of the invention produces such structural bases. The coating film includes a copolymer including a repeating unit containing a group represented by formula (a), and a repeating unit containing a group represented by formula (b):

##STR00001##

wherein U.sup.a1, U.sup.a2, U.sup.b1, U.sup.b2, U.sup.b3 and An.sup. are as defined herein.

Methods and apparatus for removing deposits in self-assembled monolayer (SAM) based selective deposition process schemes using cryogenic gas streams are described. Some methods include removing deposits in self-assembled monolayer (SAM) based selective depositions by exposing the substrate to cryogenic aerosols to remove undesired deposition on SAM protected surfaces. Processing chambers for cryogenic gas assisted selective deposition are also described.

Multilayer film prepared by a layer-by-layer process that is an effective barrier for humidity and oxygen.

Comparative effectiveness of various oral care products such as dentifrices on preventing dental erosion may be demonstrated using simulated enamel A substrate is prepared. A mineral layer to simulate dental enamel is nucleated by solution growth on the substrate surface. Alternatively, the mineral layer may be nucleated on a template comprising a self-assembled monolayer formed on a gold layer deposited on the substrate surface. The mineral layer may comprise a homogeneous layer of hydroxyapatite or a thin veneer of hydroxyapatite on a layer of amorphous calcium phosphate. The simulated enamel is then optionally treated with an oral care product and subjected to an acid challenge. The amount of mineral layer remaining after the acid challenge illustrates the effectiveness or non-effectiveness of the oral care product at preventing dental erosion.

Disclosed is a method of manufacturing a surface-modified polymer film, including forming a hydroxyl group (OH) on the surface of a polymer film by subjecting the polymer film to light irradiation and surface treatment with a photoacid generator. The polymer film can be introduced with a hydroxyl group (OH) group using a photoacid generator, thereby modifying the surface of the polymer film without damage to the polymer film. Also, an organic electronic device including the surface-modified polymer film can be improved in electrical characteristics and stability.

Methods for depositing desired materials formed on certain locations of a substrate with desired materials using a selective deposition process for semiconductor applications are provided. In one embodiment, a method of forming a structure with desired materials on a substrate includes supplying a first gas comprising a hydroxy terminated hydrocarbon containing material to a surface of a substrate, selectively forming a passivation layer on a first material of the substrate, selectively forming self assembled monolayers on a second material of the substrate, and selectively forming a material layer on the passivation layer.

Composite materials are made by impregnating a non-conductive material with a conducting monomer to form a monomer-impregnated non-conductive material, and polymerizing the monomer-impregnated non-conductive material to form the composite material. The composite materials are used in medical devices and implants.

Comparative effectiveness of various oral care products such as dentifrices on preventing dental erosion may be demonstrated using simulated enamel. A substrate is prepared. A mineral layer to simulate dental enamel is nucleated by solution growth on the substrate surface. Alternatively, the mineral layer may be nucleated on a template comprising a self-assembled monolayer formed on a gold layer deposited on the substrate surface. The mineral layer may comprise a homogeneous layer of hydroxyapatite or a thin veneer of hydroxyapatite on a layer of amorphous calcium phosphate. The simulated enamel is then optionally treated with an oral care product and subjected to an acid challenge. The amount of mineral layer remaining after the acid challenge illustrates the effectiveness or non-effectiveness of the oral care product at preventing dental erosion.