The invention provides a method of forming a multilayer coating film with excellent flip-flop properties and smoothness, allowing formation of a high-design multilayer coating film. In a method of forming a multilayer coating film comprising a low-brightness intercoating film, a first base coating film and a second base coating film formed on an object to be coated, and a clear coating film formed on the second base coating film, a multilayer coating film that includes a first base coating film obtained by applying a first aqueous base coating material, a second base coating film obtained by applying a second aqueous base coating material containing a brightness pigment, and a clear coating film, with specific compositions and properties, is formed on a low-brightness intercoating film by a wet-on-wet method and is heat cured to form a cured multilayer coating film.

The present application relates to a method for coating boron, to a boron-containing resin solution, to a boron-coated thermal neutron converter obtained by the method for coating boron, and further to a thermal neutron detector comprising the boron-coated thermal neutron converter. The method for coating boron as provided in the application is applicable for various substrates and has small restrictions on substrate shapes, particularly for substrates having complex surface structures and high aspect ratios.

The present invention provides a method for printing energy curable ink and coating compositions that comprise high amounts of multifunctional monomers, achieving cured inks and coatings that exhibit good adhesion to plastic substrates, good resistance when cured, and low amounts of uncured, migratable monomers. The method of the present invention employs electron beam curing of the ink and coating compositions, at accelerating voltages greater than or equal to 70 keV, and electron beam doses greater than or equal to 30 kGy, and preferably greater than or equal to 40 kGy.

The method for forming a coating of the present invention includes: a first step of applying a first solution containing a polysilazane to a surface 2a of a metal substrate 2 and heating the first solution to form a first coating 1 on the surface 2a of the metal substrate 2, and a second step of applying a second solution containing a polysilazane to a surface 1a of the first coating 1 and heating the second solution at a temperature lower than a heating temperature in the first step to form a second coating 3 on the surface 1a of the first coating 1, wherein a density of the first coating is less than 2.00 g/cm.sup.3, and a density of the second coating is 2.00 g/cm.sup.3 or more.

Disclosed herein is a resin film. The resin film has a height difference of about 10 nm to about 65 nm between a convex portion and a concave portion on an outermost surface thereof, and has a difference in contact angle (CA) of less than about 10 , as represented by Equation 1:
CA=|CA2-CA1|[Equation 1] where in Equation 1, CA1 is a water droplet contact angle after a surface of a substrate coated with the resin film has been subjected to a 500-cycle reciprocating abrasion test using an eraser under a load of 500 g/cm.sup.2, and CA2 is a water droplet contact angle before the reciprocating abrasion test. Embodiments of the invention provide a novel and improved resin film capable of improving antifouling and slip properties and enhancing film strength, and a method of manufacturing the same.

This laminated body comprises an organic resin substrate, and single layer of an active energy ray-curable resin layer (i) and an inorganic deposition layer (ii) that are sequentially laminated on the organic resin substrate, wherein a power spectrum obtained by performing Fourier transformation on the wavenumber of a reflected wave spectrum obtained by reflectivity spectroscopy at the layer (i) and plotting the amplitude thereof with respect to the length dimension has, at L.sub.1 and L.sub.2 that are equal to or greater than a length dimension threshold L.sub.0, a first local maximum value S.sub.1 and a second local maximum value S.sub.2, respectively, and when L.sub.0 is defined as an arbitrary value within a range of 1-310.sup.6 m, in a defined range of the power spectrum excluding the range of L.sub.0 or less, the first local maximum value S.sub.1 has a signal-to-noise ratio SI/N of at least 5 with respect to noise N, and the second local maximum value S.sub.2 has a signal-to-noise ratio S.sub.2/N of at least 2 with respect to noise N. The laminated body exhibits, despite the fact that said laminated body has a single intermediate layer composed of an active energy ray-curable film between the organic resin substrate and the inorganic deposition layer, weather fastness and adhesiveness comparable to or better than those of a laminated body having a plurality of thermoset films as intermediate layers.

The present disclosure provides methods for forming a material layer in a film stack for manufacturing a photomask in EUV applications and phase shift and binary photomask applications. In one example, a method for forming a dielectric material on a substrate includes supplying an oxygen containing gas mixture on a substrate in a processing chamber, the substrate comprising a dielectric material disposed on an optically transparent silicon containing material, maintaining the oxygen containing gas mixture in the processing chamber at a process pressure at greater than 2 bar, and thermally treating the dielectric material in the presence of the oxygen containing gas mixture.

A gas barrier film formed of a cured product of a mixture including a polycarboxylic acid, a polyamine compound, and a polyvalent metal compound, in which in an infrared absorption spectrum of the gas barrier film, an area ratio of an amide bond represented by B/A is equal to or less than 0.380, an area ratio of a carboxylic acid represented by C/A is equal to or less than 0.150, and an area ratio of carboxylate represented by D/A is equal to or more than 0.520.

A process and apparatus for producing a gradient nanovoided article, a gradient nanovoided coating, and a gradient low refractive index coating is described. The process includes providing a first solution of a polymerizable material in a solvent, and providing a first environment proximate a first region of the coating and a different second environment proximate an adjacent region of the coating. The process further includes at least partially polymerizing the polymerizable material to form a composition that includes an insoluble polymer matrix and a second solution. The insoluble polymer matrix includes a plurality of nanovoids that are filled with the second solution, and a major portion of the solvent from the second solution is removed. A first volume fraction of the plurality of nanovoids proximate the first region of the coating is less than a second volume fraction of the plurality of nanovoids proximate an adjacent of the coating. An apparatus for the process is also described, and includes a web line, a coating section, a partial polymerization section, and a solvent removal section.

The present invention provides a method for printing energy-curable ink and coating compositions that have good adhesion to substrates, good print quality, solvent and scratch resistance, and low potential for migration of uncured monomers. The method comprises the steps of printing the ink or coating onto a substrate; partially curing the printed ink or coating by irradiating with UV energy; optionally printing and partially UV curing additional ink layers printed on the first layer; and completing curing via exposure to electron beam radiation, wherein the EB cure dose is greater than or equal to 20 kGy, and the accelerating voltage is greater than or equal to 70 keV.