A method for preparing photoactive perovskite materials. The method comprises the steps of: introducing a lead halide and a first solvent to a first vessel and contacting the lead halide with the first solvent to dissolve the lead halide to form a lead halide solution, introducing a Group 1 metal halide a second solvent into a second vessel and contacting the Group 1 metal halide with the second solvent to dissolve the Group 1 metal halide to form a Group 1 metal halide solution, and contacting the lead halide solution with the Group 1 metal halide solution to form a thin-film precursor ink. The method further comprises depositing the thin-film precursor ink onto a substrate, drying the thin-film precursor ink to form a thin film, annealing the thin film; and rinsing the thin film with a salt solution.

Disclosed is a method for treating a grained material. A nonlimiting example of the method includes the operations of providing a workpiece having grains, exasperating a surface of the workpiece to open the grains, applying at least one coat of a base paint to the exasperated surface, applying at least one layer of clear coat on the base paint, applying at least one of a glaze and a paint on the clear coat, and surface treating to reveal grains of the workpiece. Disclosed also are items of furniture and sheet materials treated by the aforementioned process.

A composition includes a polymer and a solvent. The polymer includes: a structural unit including a ring structure; and a functional group capable of bonding to a metal atom. An atom chain constituting the ring structure constitutes a part of a main chain of the polymer. The polymer preferably includes at an end of the main chain or at an end of a side chain, a group including the functional group. The functional group is preferably a cyano group, a phosphono group, or a dihydroxyboryl group. The ring structure preferably includes an alicyclic structure.

A substrate processing apparatus for forming a coating film on a peripheral edge portion including a peripheral edge of a front surface and a side surface of a substrate, includes: a substrate holder for rotatably holding the substrate; a first chemical liquid supplier for supplying a first chemical liquid onto the peripheral edge including a rear surface of the substrate; a partial removing part for removing the first chemical liquid adhering to at least a portion of the front and side surfaces; a second chemical liquid supplier for supplying a second chemical liquid for forming the coating film onto the front and side surfaces; a first chemical liquid removing part for removing the first chemical liquid remaining on the substrate to which the second chemical liquid adheres; and a controller for controlling the parts described above.

The invention relates to a method for obtaining a functionalised sensor tip for atomic force microscopy, which is characterised in that functionalisation takes place by means of an activated vapour silanisation process, comprising: a) evaporating an organometallic compound containing at least one silicon atom and at least one functional group selected from an amine group, a hydroxyl group, a carboxyl group and a thiol group; b) activating the vapour of the organometallic compound of step a) by heating; and c) causing the activated vapour of step b) to impinge on a sensor tip for atomic force microscopy in order to deposit a film of the organometallic compound on the sensor tip, steps b) and c) taking place consecutively. The invention also relates to the functionalised sensor tip obtained using the method.

A film forming method for forming a coating film by applying a coating solution onto a substrate having projections and recesses formed on a surface thereof by a predetermined pattern, includes: applying the coating solution onto the surface of the substrate to form a thick film having a depth of projections and recesses on a surface of the film of a predetermined value or less and having a film thickness larger than a target film thickness of the coating film; and removing the surface of the thick film to form the coating film having the target film thickness.

A method of micro-texturing a substrate surface is disclosed, including printing a maskant on the substrate surface to define exposed surface zones on the substrate surface. The method further includes forming a micro-texture on the substrate surface by removing material from the exposed surface zones, and removing the maskant from the substrate surface.

The invention relates to a method for obtaining a functionalised sensor tip for atomic force microscopy, which is characterised in that functionalisation takes place by means of an activated vapour silanisation process, comprising: a) evaporating an organometallic compound containing at least one silicon atom and at least one functional group selected from an amine group, a hydroxyl group, a carboxyl group and a thiol group; b) activating the vapour of the organometallic compound of step a) by heating; and c) causing the activated vapour of step b) to impinge on a sensor tip for atomic force microscopy in order to deposit a film of the organometallic compound on the sensor tip, steps b) and c) taking place consecutively. The invention also relates to the functionalised sensor tip obtained using the method.

The present invention relates to a method of activating an organic coating to enhance adhesion of the coating to a further coating and/or to other entities comprising applying a solvent and a surface chemistry and/or surface topography modifying agent to the organic coating.

The invention also relates to a coated substrate having an activated coating, wherein the adhesion of the coating to a further coating and/or other entities has been enhanced by application of a solvent and a surface chemistry and/or surface topography modifying agent to the coating.

The invention further relates to an activation treatment for an organic coating to enhance adhesion of the coating to a further coating and/or to other entities comprising a solvent and a surface chemistry and/or surface topography modifying agent and a method for the preparation of the activation treatment.

A composition including a polythiol having more than one thiol groups, a polyepoxide having more than one epoxide group, a photolatent base catalyst that can photochemically generate a first amine, and a second amine phase-separated within the composition. A polymer network preparable from the composition, and a method for making the polymer network are also disclosed.