The present invention relates to a coated article. The coated article includes a first layer, a second layer, and a diffusion region between the first layer and the second layer. The first layer has a first atomic concentration of C, a first atomic concentration of Si, and a first atomic concentration of O. The second layer has a first atomic concentration of Fe, a first atomic concentration of Cr, and a first atomic concentration of Ni. The diffusion region has a second atomic concentration of the C, a second atomic concentration of the Si, a second atomic concentration of the O, a second atomic concentration of the Fe, a second atomic concentration of the Cr, and a second atomic concentration of the Ni. All of the atomic concentrations are based upon Auger Electron Spectroscopy.

A surface treatment includes a functional component and a linking component, wherein the linking component is capable of hydrogen bonding and/or covalently linking with the functional component and is capable of hydrogen bonding and/or covalently linking with the surface to form a treated surface. The surface treatment provides a beneficial property to the surface when the surface treatment is bonded to the surface.

A composite material includes: a substrate and a polymer layer which are interconnected by an adhesion promoter layer. The adhesion promoter layer is obtainable by plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PE-CVD) at least partially using a mixture of precursor compounds containing an unsaturated hydrocarbon and an organosilicon compound. In an embodiment, the substrate includes a metal substrate or a polymer substrate.

Methods and associated systems for preparing a nano-protective coating are disclosed. The method includes (1) placing a substrate in a reaction chamber of a nano-coating preparation equipment; (2) introducing an inert gas, wherein the inert gas includes helium (He) and/or argon (Ar); (3) turning on a movement mechanism so that the substrate is moved in the reaction chamber; (4) introducing a monomer vapor into the reaction chamber to achieve a vacuum degree of 30-300 mTorr; and (5) turning on a plasma discharge for chemical vapor deposition to form an organosilicon nano-coating on a surface of the substrate.

A process for applying a colored coating on a metal or metal alloy foil wherein one or more layers of a coating composition comprising a pigment are applied to the metal or metal alloy foil, the coated foil is heated to a peak metal temperature of at most 100 C. and thereafter the coated foil is heated to a peak metal temperature of at least 190 C.

A dried latex emulsion coating on a surface of a metal member is used as a thin bond layer on well tubular joints, on tubular strings in wells, and on other metal members. The bond layer promotes adhesion to cement members formed from hardening a cement slurry in contact with the bond layer. The bond layer can be used in bonded cement structures, on well tubular joints, on tubular strings in a well, on tubular strings cemented in a well, in methods of making the cement structures and the tubular strings, and in methods of placing and cementing a tubular string in a well.

The invention provides a powder coating material capable of forming a film excellent in metallic hue, concealing property and weather resistance. The powder coating material comprises the following fluororesin (A), the following resin (B) and the following pigment (C) as constituents thereof, wherein the content of the pigment (C) is from 0.7 to 23 mass %; Fluororesin (A): a fluororesin having a fluorine content of at least 10 mass %; Resin (B): a resin having a SP value larger than that of the fluororesin (A), and the difference between the SP value thereof and the SP value of the fluororesin (A) is at least 0.4 (J/cm.sup.3).sup.1/2; Pigment (C): a pigment which is a metallic pigment covered with a covering material, and the SP value of the covering material exceeds the SP value of the fluororesin (A) and less than the SP value of the resin (B).

Provided are low coefficient of friction fluoropolymer one coat coatings having a relatively low bake temperature. The fluoropolymer coatings contain high temperature resistant polymer binder, low melting tetrafluoroethylene/hexafluoropropylene copolymer having a melting point of below 255 C. by the method of ASTM D 4591, and low molecular weight polytetrafluoroethylene having a heat of crystallization of at least about 50 J/g.

There is provided a high-strength galvanized steel sheet and a relatively low-strength galvanized steel sheet that undergoes complex forming, a galvanized steel sheet that exhibits consistently excellent press formability and that generates no hazardous fumes during welding as well as a manufacturing method therefor. The galvanized steel sheet has an oxide layer on the surface, where the oxide layer has an average thickness of 20 nm or more, and the oxide layer contains 30 mg/m.sup.2 or more of Zn, 1.0 mg/m.sup.2 or more of S, and 50 mg/m.sup.2 or more and 1,000 mg/m.sup.2 or less of polyethylene particles having an average particle size of 5.0 m or less.

Provided is a nitrided metal surface functionalized with molecules, each molecule comprising at least one binding group and an antimicrobial moiety. The molecules are immobilized on the surface by only covalent interactions between the binding groups of the molecules and nitrogen atoms within the nitrided metal surface. Articles comprising the functionalized nitrided surface find use in inhibiting or reducing the growth of microorganisms on surfaces that are frequently touched. A method for preparing the functionalized nitrided surface comprises contacting a nitrided metal surface with molecules so as to form covalent bonds between the binding groups of the molecules and the nitrogen atoms in the surface, thereby immobilising the molecules on the metal surface.