An edible meat substitute product includes a fibrous mycelium mass in a range of 10 wt % to 100 wt %. The fibrous mycelium mass has a protein content greater than 40 wt % of a dry mass of the fibrous mycelium mass. The edible meat substitute product includes a water content in a range of 0 w % to 90 wt %.

A method for the production of a mature mycelium extract for sublingual mycelia rich tincture from cultured mushroom spores in a growth medium of cooked natural grains provides the growth medium for mushroom mycelia in a sterile container containing the growth medium, inoculation of the growth medium with mushroom spores into the sterile container to culture growth of mushroom mycelia, harvest a mycelia product and processing the mycelia after using ultrasonic extraction and the addition of food grade ingredients to form a mycelia-rich liquid that is ultimately processed to form a mycelium rich sublingual tincture.

A method for the production of a mature mycelium extract for sublingual mycelia rich tincture from cultured mushroom spores in a growth medium of cooked natural grains provides the growth medium for mushroom mycelia in a sterile container containing the growth medium, inoculation of the growth medium with mushroom spores into the sterile container to culture growth of mushroom mycelia, harvest a mycelia product and processing the mycelia after using ultrasonic extraction and the addition of food grade ingredients to form a mycelia-rich liquid that is ultimately processed to form a mycelium rich sublingual tincture.

A fungal growth structure comprising a nutritive vehicle, a porous material, an administrable space. fungal tissue comprising fungal hyphae having a growth pattern, the fungal tissue connecting said nutritive vehicle to said porous material to said administrable space, wherein the fungal tissue within said space defines at least one successive fungal material layer; and a chemically or physically altered separated portion of fungal material, the separated portion separated from said fungal tissue.

A fungal growth structure comprising a nutritive vehicle, a porous material, an administrable space. fungal tissue comprising fungal hyphae having a growth pattern, the fungal tissue connecting said nutritive vehicle to said porous material to said administrable space, wherein the fungal tissue within said space defines at least one successive fungal material layer; and a chemically or physically altered separated portion of fungal material, the separated portion separated from said fungal tissue.

Methods of propagating Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) are described that do not require the addition of, or presence of, any detectable live host plant material or live plant root material. The method comprises addition of water and optionally exposure to sunlight. It was surprisingly found that soil devoid of any detectable live host plant material, including host plant roots, is capable of supporting AMF reproduction, though it is widely believed that AMF are obligate symbionts requiring live plant roots for colonization to reproduce. Described methods optionally include active removal of living host plant material from the soil prior to AMF inoculation. Optionally, phosphorous compounds are added to the soil prior to inoculation. It was found that addition of phosphorous compounds, such as phosphite, to the soil enhances the growth of AMF spores by as much as three-fold over controls having no added phosphorous compounds.

Methods of propagating Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) are described that do not require the addition of, or presence of, any detectable live host plant material or live plant root material. The method comprises addition of water and optionally exposure to sunlight. It was surprisingly found that soil devoid of any detectable live host plant material, including host plant roots, is capable of supporting AMF reproduction, though it is widely believed that AMF are obligate symbionts requiring live plant roots for colonization to reproduce. Described methods optionally include active removal of living host plant material from the soil prior to AMF inoculation. Optionally, phosphorous compounds are added to the soil prior to inoculation. It was found that addition of phosphorous compounds, such as phosphite, to the soil enhances the growth of AMF spores by as much as three-fold over controls having no added phosphorous compounds.

A method of forming fungal materials and fungal objects from those fungal materials, the method comprising the steps of growing a first fungal tissue in contact with a nutritive vehicle; supplying a porous material in contact with said first fungal tissue; directing growth of said fungal tissue through said porous material such that a portion of said fungal tissue comprises a first fungal material having first fungal hyphae; optionally incorporating composite material; directing a change in the composition or growth pattern of at least some of said first fungal hyphae; separating at least a portion of the first fungal material from said nutritive vehicle; obtaining a second fungal material having second fungal hyphae; and forming a fungal object by encouraging fused growth between said first fungal material and said second fungal material and optionally incorporating composite material.

A method for the production of biomass including: planting rows of poplar saplings or cuttings of the species Populus nigra or Populus tremula in ridges with a density greater than 40,000 units per hectare; cutting the plantation annually at the ridge level for a period of 15 to 20 years, and obtaining in each annual cut poplar stalks having a length less than 7 meters and a diameter less than 6 centimeters, and cutting the poplar stalks transversely into substantially cylindrical blocks of biomass having an adjustable length and a variable diameter, coinciding with the diameter of the poplar stalks in the cutting areas.

A mushroom growing system for growing a mushroom from a gourd includes a gourd having an inner surface and an outer surface and defining an interior space. The gourd has a growth aperture extending therethrough. Mycelium are dispersed within a growth medium, which is positioned in the interior space. Pinning of the mycelium causes a mushroom to protrude from the gourd through the growth aperture enabling cropping of the mushroom.