A hollow engine valve includes a shaft portion and an umbrella portion of which diameter is enlarged to form an umbrella shape to be provided on a base end of the shaft portion, a cooling material being enclosed in a hollow portion that is at least formed inside the shaft portion. The shaft portion comprises a first shaft portion in a tip end side, a second shaft portion that is provided in a base end side to have an outer diameter larger than that of the first shaft portion, and a stepped portion formed by a difference in the outer diameters between the first and second shaft portions. A wall thickness of the stepped portion is larger than that of the second shaft portion.

A hollow engine valve includes a shaft portion and an umbrella portion of which diameter is enlarged to form an umbrella shape to be provided on a base end of the shaft portion, a cooling material being enclosed in a hollow portion that is at least formed inside the shaft portion. The shaft portion comprises a first shaft portion in a tip end side, a second shaft portion that is provided in a base end side to have an outer diameter larger than that of the first shaft portion, and a stepped portion formed by a difference in the outer diameters between the first and second shaft portions. A wall thickness of the stepped portion is larger than that of the second shaft portion.

A method of forming one or more tie rods that includes flattening a main body of a wire in a first selected plane to form a flattened main body, further flattening selected portions of the flattened main body in a second plane perpendicular to the first plane to form one or more break back regions, and then passing the wire through a punch press machine to form one or more coined regions in one or more ends of the wire, thus forming the tie rod.

A method for producing an air duct damper includes the steps of punching from sheet metal stock a damper preform having a body and two diametrically opposed arms extending from opposite sides of the body; and forming an indentation in the damper preform extending between and up to respective ends of the two arms.

A method for producing an air duct damper includes the steps of punching from sheet metal stock a damper preform having a body and two diametrically opposed arms extending from opposite sides of the body; and forming an indentation in the damper preform extending between and up to respective ends of the two arms.

A block forged valve body includes a fully encapsulated seat ring. The valve body includes a through hole and a chamber having a shelf portion that overlies an annular shoulder that encapsulates the valve seat. Methods for the manufacturing and use thereof are also provided.

A matrix for shaping a valve preform has a circular through opening and a reduced conical section. The reduced conical section tapers from an outer diameter to a reduced cone inner diameter, the outer diameter being greater than or equal to the initial outer diameter of the valve preform, and the matrix inner diameter being smaller than the initial outer diameter.

A matrix for shaping a valve preform has a circular through opening and a reduced conical section. The reduced conical section tapers from an outer diameter to a reduced cone inner diameter, the outer diameter being greater than or equal to the initial outer diameter of the valve preform, and the matrix inner diameter being smaller than the initial outer diameter.

A valve assembly includes a body and a push-to-connect fitting. The body includes an end segment that defines a fluid outlet and a connector portion. The connector portion includes an inner peripheral wall and an outer peripheral wall. The inner peripheral wall has a first exterior surface, and includes a first portion and a second portion. The first exterior surface has a first outer diameter in the first portion and a second outer diameter in the second portion that is greater than the first outer diameter such that a stepped profile is formed along the first exterior surface. The inner peripheral wall defines a fluid inlet. The outer peripheral wall extends from the inner peripheral wall and at least partly around the fluid inlet. The outer peripheral wall has a second exterior surface with a third outer diameter that is greater than the second outer diameter.