Methods of producing a hybrid organism. The methods include providing a first organism, providing a second organism, providing a fusing medium, combining the first organism and the second organism in or on the fusing medium to define a fusion environment, and initiating somatic fusion between the first organism and the second organism in the fusion environment to produce the hybrid organism. The first organism is either a plant organism or a fungus organism. The second organism is either a plant organism or a fungus organism. In some examples, the first organism is Tuber melanosporum . In certain examples, the second organism is either Panaeolus cambodginiensis or Panaeolus cyanescens . In some examples, the methods include incubating the hybrid organism, regenerating cell walls of the hybrid organism, and/or replicating the hybrid organism.

Provided herein are mycelium materials and methods for production thereof. In some embodiments, a composition includes: a substrate; a mycelium material; and a perforated material, wherein the perforated material is positioned above the substrate. Methods of producing such a composition are also provided.

Provided herein are mycelium materials and methods for production thereof. In some embodiments, a composition includes: a substrate; a mycelium material; and a perforated material, wherein the perforated material is positioned above the substrate. Methods of producing such a composition are also provided.

A culture medium, a fungal bed, and a bagged fungal bed each of which is less liable to have mold occurring therein, and methods of producing those; wherein the culture medium contains at least one or two or more of a Bacillus sp. bacterium, an Ewingella sp. bacterium, and a Pseudomonas sp. bacterium. The fungal bed includes the culture medium inoculated with an inoculum, and the bagged fungal bed includes the fungal bed accommodated in a film bag having fine perforations. The culture medium production method incudes: heating a substrate in a storage container; and supplying air into the storage container. The fungal bed production method includes inoculating a culture medium, which is produced by the culture medium production method, with an inoculum of a mushroom, and the method of producing a bagged fungal bed includes accommodating the fungal bed in a film bag having a plurality of fine perforations.

A culture medium, a fungal bed, and a bagged fungal bed each of which is less liable to have mold occurring therein, and methods of producing those; wherein the culture medium contains at least one or two or more of a Bacillus sp. bacterium, an Ewingella sp. bacterium, and a Pseudomonas sp. bacterium. The fungal bed includes the culture medium inoculated with an inoculum, and the bagged fungal bed includes the fungal bed accommodated in a film bag having fine perforations. The culture medium production method incudes: heating a substrate in a storage container; and supplying air into the storage container. The fungal bed production method includes inoculating a culture medium, which is produced by the culture medium production method, with an inoculum of a mushroom, and the method of producing a bagged fungal bed includes accommodating the fungal bed in a film bag having a plurality of fine perforations.

A leather-like hybrid mycelial cellulose sheet and production thereof. Precise selection of mushroom species and reagents allows for production at low pH, thereby resulting in a strong, flexible, and dry leather-like material suitable for application in various industries.

A leather-like hybrid mycelial cellulose sheet and production thereof. Precise selection of mushroom species and reagents allows for production at low pH, thereby resulting in a strong, flexible, and dry leather-like material suitable for application in various industries.

A growth medium for fungus is obtained by: (a) treating a mixture of lignocellulosic biomass and water with at least one oxidizing agent and steam at a temperature in a range of from about 130° C. to about 220° C. for a period from about 5 seconds to about 10 hours; (b) periodically measuring a pH of the mixture for substantially an entire duration of the treating step; and (c) as necessary, based on the pH of the mixture measured in step (b), adjusting the pH of the mixture into a range of from about pH 4.5 to about pH 7.5 by adding a base to the mixture. A method for producing the growth medium for fungi and a method for cultivating fungi are also provided.

A growth medium for fungus is obtained by: (a) treating a mixture of lignocellulosic biomass and water with at least one oxidizing agent and steam at a temperature in a range of from about 130° C. to about 220° C. for a period from about 5 seconds to about 10 hours; (b) periodically measuring a pH of the mixture for substantially an entire duration of the treating step; and (c) as necessary, based on the pH of the mixture measured in step (b), adjusting the pH of the mixture into a range of from about pH 4.5 to about pH 7.5 by adding a base to the mixture. A method for producing the growth medium for fungi and a method for cultivating fungi are also provided.

An edible meat substitute product includes a fibrous mycelium mass in a range of 10 wt % to 100 wt %. The fibrous mycelium mass has a protein content greater than 40 wt % of a dry mass of the fibrous mycelium mass. The edible meat substitute product includes a water content in a range of 0 w % to 90 wt %.