A three-dimensional (3D) printing device presented in this invention has a novel printing head design that can be used with a cost-effective 3D printing ink based on cost-competitive camphene solvent utilizing its burning-free, room-temperature solidifying and sublimating properties for 3D printing purposes. The unique combination of the new printing head with pressured air control and the invented ink allows for a mass-production of complex metallic components and parts with a variety of compositions for use in advanced manufacturing in a highly cost-effective way.

A three-dimensional (3D) printing device presented in this invention has a novel printing head design that can be used with a cost-effective 3D printing ink based on cost-competitive camphene solvent utilizing its burning-free, room-temperature solidifying and sublimating properties for 3D printing purposes. The unique combination of the new printing head with pressured air control and the invented ink allows for a mass-production of complex metallic components and parts with a variety of compositions for use in advanced manufacturing in a highly cost-effective way.

A three-dimensional (3D) printing device presented in this invention has a novel printing head design that can be used with a cost-effective 3D printing ink based on cost-competitive camphene solvent utilizing its burning-free, room-temperature solidifying and sublimating properties for 3D printing purposes. The unique combination of the new printing head with pressured air control and the invented ink allows for a mass-production of complex metallic components and parts with a variety of compositions for use in advanced manufacturing in a highly cost-effective way.

There is provided a laser apparatus for a printed electronic system according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention including: a laser generating unit which oscillates a laser beam; a laser changing unit which changes an intensity or a wavelength of the laser beam oscillated from the laser generating unit; a laser control unit which controls the intensity or a magnitude of the wavelength of the laser beam which is changed by the laser changing unit; and a laser steering unit which changes a traveling direction of the laser beam output from the laser changing unit to be directed to a target, and the laser control unit controls the intensity or the magnitude of the wavelength of the laser beam in accordance with a state of a printing pattern formed on the target.

There is a problem that when a silver powder sintering paste that is substantially free from resin is used, an organic solvent used as a dispersion medium bleeds, which results in contamination and wire bonding defects. In order to solve the problem, provided is a metal powder sintering paste that contains, as a principal component, silver particles having an average particle diameter (a median diameter) of 0.3 μm to 5 μm and further contains an anionic surfactant but is substantially free from resin.

There is a problem that when a silver powder sintering paste that is substantially free from resin is used, an organic solvent used as a dispersion medium bleeds, which results in contamination and wire bonding defects. In order to solve the problem, provided is a metal powder sintering paste that contains, as a principal component, silver particles having an average particle diameter (a median diameter) of 0.3 μm to 5 μm and further contains an anionic surfactant but is substantially free from resin.

In a three-dimensional printing method example, a liquid functional agent is selectively applied. The liquid functional agent includes an alloying agent. A metallic build material is applied. The liquid functional agent is selectively applied before the metallic build material, after the metallic build material, or both before and after the metallic build material. The liquid functional agent patterns the metallic build material to form a composite layer. At least some of the metallic build material is exposed to energy to melt the at least some of the metallic build material to form a layer. Upon contact or after energy exposure, the alloying agent and the build material alter a composition of the composite layer.

In a three-dimensional printing method example, a liquid functional agent is selectively applied. The liquid functional agent includes an alloying agent. A metallic build material is applied. The liquid functional agent is selectively applied before the metallic build material, after the metallic build material, or both before and after the metallic build material. The liquid functional agent patterns the metallic build material to form a composite layer. At least some of the metallic build material is exposed to energy to melt the at least some of the metallic build material to form a layer. Upon contact or after energy exposure, the alloying agent and the build material alter a composition of the composite layer.

A method of providing an article having a set of directional channels, including a first directional channel, therein is described. The method comprises preparing a mixture including particles comprising a first material and a first binding agent. The method comprises providing an article precursor by surrounding a pattern comprising a second material with the mixture. The method comprises heating the article precursor thereby coalescing the particles to provide the article. The method comprises removing the pattern by reacting the second material to form a gaseous product, thereby providing the set of directional channels in the article, wherein the set of directional channels corresponds with the removed pattern. Such an article is also described.

A method of providing an article having a set of directional channels, including a first directional channel, therein is described. The method comprises preparing a mixture including particles comprising a first material and a first binding agent. The method comprises providing an article precursor by surrounding a pattern comprising a second material with the mixture. The method comprises heating the article precursor thereby coalescing the particles to provide the article. The method comprises removing the pattern by reacting the second material to form a gaseous product, thereby providing the set of directional channels in the article, wherein the set of directional channels corresponds with the removed pattern. Such an article is also described.